The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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The soldiers 35 45 RIB 201=Smallwood GN 284 (a), inscription, Camulodunum (Colchester), Britain, 1st C.AD (Relief of cavalryman spearing a fallen enemy) Longinus, son of Sdapezematygus, soldier on double pay in the first ala of Thracians, from the district of Serdica, 40 years old, fifteen years’ service. His heirs had this constructed in accordance with his will. He lies here. 46 CIL 8. 2094=ILS 2518, inscription, Africa, 2nd C.AD To the spirits of the departed, Gaius Julius Dexter, veteran, soldier in a cavalry ala, clerk (curator) of a troop, armourer, standard-bearer of a troop, served twenty-six years, honourably and duly discharged, was a member of the Board of Two in his own colony of Thelepte, lived eightyfive years, was cremated here. Tutia Tertia, wife of Julius Dexter, lived seventy years, was cremated here. Thelepte was a settlement in Africa (Medinet-el-Kedima in Tunisia), at a strategic point on the road from Ammaedara to Capsa. It was probably founded by veterans and was raised to the rank of colony in the reign of Trajan. 47 ILS 2558=Smallwood NH 336, inscription, Danube area, 2nd C.AD I am the man who once was famous on the Pannonian shore and foremost in bravery among a thousand Batavians; with Hadrian watching I succeeded in swimming in full armour across the vast waters of the mighty Danube, and with a second arrow I transfixed and broke the arrow which I had shot from my bow, while it was still suspended in the air and falling back (to earth). No Roman or foreign soldier was ever able to outdo me in throwing the javelin, no Parthian in firing an arrow. Here I lie and here I have sanctified my achievements on this memorial stone. Let people see if anyone can emulate my feats after me. By my own example, I am the first person to have done such deeds. Batavian cavalry units impressed Hadrian by swimming the Danube fully armed (Dio, 69. 9). 48 P. Oxy. 1666=Daris, Documenti 8, papyrus, Oxyrhynchus, Egypt, 3rd C.AD Pausanias to his brother Heraclides, greetings. I think that our brother Sarapammon has told you the reason why I went down to Alexandria,
36 The Roman Army and I have already written to you about young Pausanias enlisting in a legion. As he no longer wished to serve in a legion but in an ala, on learning this I was obliged however reluctantly to go to see him. So, after many appeals from his mother and sister to get him transferred to Coptos, I went down to Alexandria and used many approaches until he was transferred to the ala at Coptos. Although I wanted to pay you a visit on the voyage up, we were limited by the leave granted to the lad by the most distinguished Prefect, and for this reason I was unable to visit you… 49 CIL 8. 2251=ILS 2578, inscription, Mascula (Khenchela), Numidia, late 1st/early 2nd C.AD Titus Flavius Bitus, cavalryman of second twin cohort of Thracians, lived fifty-five years, served twenty-seven years, Julia Marcella, his sister, and Bitus [his son set this up]. 50 ILS 2585, inscription, Strassheim, Upper Germany, 1st/2nd (?) C.AD To Mars and Victory, Soemus Severus, chief clerk (cornicularius) of the first Flavian milliary cohort of Damascene mounted archers, willingly, happily, and deservedly fulfilled his vow. 51 ILS 2590, inscription, Asia To the spirits of the departed, Lucius Calpurnius Valens, orderly (optio) of the first Lepidian part-mounted cohort of Roman Citizens, century of Ponticus, lived forty years, served eighteen years. Calpurnia Leda, his wife, erected this. It is obscure how this cohort (first recorded in Syria c. AD 69) acquired its title ‘Lepidiana’ derived from a personal name (Holder 1980:21–2; Speidel 1982b). The title ‘Roman Citizens’ indicates that at some point all members of the unit had received the citizenship before discharge. 52 ILS 2566, inscription, Aquae Mattiacae (Wiesbaden), Upper Germany Quintus Vibius Agustus, Raetian, soldier of the second cohort of Raetians, 30 years of age, thirteen years’ service. His heir had this set up.
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The Roman Army, 31 BC-AD 337 The Ro
Page 5 and 6: First published 1994 by Routledge 1
Page 8 and 9: Contents List of plates ix List of
Page 10 and 11: Plates 1 Ti. Claudius Maximus 2 Cen
Page 12 and 13: Preface and acknowledgements The Ro
Page 14 and 15: Abbreviations AE L’Année épigra
Page 16 and 17: P. S. I. Pubblicazioni della societ
Page 18 and 19: Emperors from Augustus to Constanti
Page 20: denarius (‘ten as-piece’) = 4 s
Page 23 and 24: 2 The Roman Army benefits are still
Page 25 and 26: 4 The Roman Army military as well a
Page 27 and 28: 6 The Roman Army The defeat of Cart
Page 29 and 30: 8 The Roman Army who supplied caval
Page 31 and 32: 10 The Roman Army career seemed mos
Page 33 and 34: 12 The Roman Army in a recruit, you
Page 35 and 36: 14 The Roman Army thanks to the lor
Page 37 and 38: 16 The Roman Army should keep in st
Page 39 and 40: 18 The Roman Army more impartial th
Page 41 and 42: 20 The Roman Army speedily. The rem
Page 43 and 44: 22 The Roman Army I paid monetary r
Page 45 and 46: 24 The Roman Army hay 10 drachmas f
Page 47 and 48: 26 The Roman Army I have received a
Page 49 and 50: 28 The Roman Army from having more
Page 51 and 52: 30 The Roman Army 34 Speidel 1980:7
Page 53 and 54: 32 The Roman Army 40 ILS 2442, insc
Page 55: 34 The Roman Army units were now be
Page 59 and 60: 38 The Roman Army heirs, set this u
Page 61 and 62: 40 The Roman Army 63 CIL 6. 2725=IL
Page 63 and 64: 42 The Roman Army principalis, acti
Page 65 and 66: 44 The Roman Army 77 CIL 6. 2896=IL
Page 67 and 68: 2 The officers CENTURIONS Centurion
Page 69 and 70: 48 The Roman Army The emperor was u
Page 71 and 72: 50 The Roman Army to Numidia, and f
Page 73 and 74: 52 The Roman Army of Legion III Aug
Page 75 and 76: 54 The Roman Army tribune of the fi
Page 77 and 78: 56 The Roman Army Aurelius Harpocra
Page 79 and 80: 58 The Roman Army Cornelius Minicia
Page 81 and 82: 60 The Roman Army officer for Egypt
Page 83 and 84: 62 The Roman Army Furthermore, an e
Page 85 and 86: 64 The Roman Army probably formed d
Page 87 and 88: 66 The Roman Army Moesia, legate of
Page 89 and 90: 3 The Emperor as commander-in-chief
Page 91 and 92: 70 The Roman Army to restrain thems
Page 93 and 94: 72 The Roman Army 127 Josephus (1st
Page 95 and 96: 74 The Roman Army Cornelius Fronto
Page 97 and 98: 76 The Roman Army his tribunician p
Page 99 and 100: 78 The Roman Army Lucius, in the si
Page 101 and 102: 1 Ti. Claudius Maximus Source: Kava
Page 103 and 104: 3 Trajan as commander-in-chief Sour
Page 105 and 106: 8 The Roman siege ramp at Masada Ph
Page 107 and 108:
11 The Mithraeum at Carrawburgh on
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14 Bronze diploma—exterior faces
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18 Bronze diploma—exterior face w
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80 The Roman Army Figure 1 Legionar
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82 The Roman Army fighting at the c
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84 The Roman Army the other legions
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Figure 3 The disposition of the leg
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88 The Roman Army outside the fort
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90 The Roman Army advisers, will ha
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92 The Roman Army guards and mounte
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94 The Roman Army period of imperia
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96 The Roman Army being able to str
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98 The Roman Army (Section 16) The
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100 The Roman Army against archers,
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102 The Roman Army (see Plate 8), t
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104 The Roman Army the cohort menti
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106 The Roman Army the wishes of Em
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108 The Roman Army 177 D 49. 16. 3.
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5 The army in peacetime MILITARY LI
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112 The Roman Army do whatever may
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114 The Roman Army This is probably
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116 The Roman Army For the date and
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118 The Roman Army Thiadices, who s
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120 The Roman Army 190 P. Dura 60B,
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122 The Roman Army of that communit
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124 The Roman Army identified as br
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126 The Roman Army The town of Sald
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128 The Roman Army for the eternity
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130 The Roman Army [7] September [
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132 The Roman Army Although Tertull
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134 The Roman Army 220 CIL 3. 11082
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136 The Roman Army Cocidius was a C
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138 The Roman Army the names of Get
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6 The army, the local community, an
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142 The Roman Army informal adminis
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144 The Roman Army either military
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146 The Roman Army Two legions were
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148 The Roman Army the Medes, in th
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150 The Roman Army [ _ _ _ ] Centur
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152 The Roman Army provision for th
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154 The Roman Army Longinia, had be
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156 The Roman Army opinion I gave y
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158 The Roman Army property in acco
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160 The Roman Army the will. His so
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162 The Roman Army did make his wil
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164 The Roman Army In Roman law eve
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166 The Roman Army from home. Soldi
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168 The Roman Army 277 CJ 12. 33(34
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170 The Roman Army Published on 15
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172 The Roman Army solution, becaus
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174 The Roman Army ask that you sho
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176 The Roman Army The reference to
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178 The Roman Army with his own edi
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180 The Roman Army of passing trave
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182 The Roman Army The Roman empero
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184 The Roman Army foreseen. Or was
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186 The Roman Army the undivided su
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188 The Roman Army name a figure of
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190 The Roman Army disgraceful and
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192 The Roman Army only explicit re
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194 The Roman Army Rome) even thoug
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196 The Roman Army grandson of Germ
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198 The Roman Army and (13) first T
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200 The Roman Army the fatherland,
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202 The Roman Army from your affirm
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204 The Roman Army honourably disch
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206 The Roman Army 337 FIRA 3. 171=
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208 The Roman Army (Fourth hand) (S
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210 The Roman Army service in the c
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212 The Roman Army colonies, or del
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214 The Roman Army Augustus himself
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216 The Roman Army 349 CIL 16. 13=M
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218 The Roman Army main roads did n
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220 The Roman Army 357 ILS 9085, in
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222 The Roman Army and Vergil in Ec
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224 The Roman Army you who are aliv
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226 The Roman Army 367 AE 1974. 283
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228 The Roman Army 374 ILS 9400, in
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230 The Roman Army considerable pro
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232 The Roman Army military organiz
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234 The Roman Army recruitment and
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236 The Roman Army Domitius Aurelia
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238 The Roman Army on the emperor (
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240 The Roman Army This rescript is
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242 The Roman Army peaceful repose
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244 The Roman Army in respect of on
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246 The Roman Army the soldiers, an
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248 The Roman Army (Alexander) gave
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Select bibliography Alföldy, G.. (
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252 Select bibliography Duncan-Jone
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254 Select bibliography Marsden, E.
Page 289 and 290:
Index of translated passages LITERA
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258 Index of translated passages 24
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Index of names and subjects Promine
Page 299 and 300:
266 Index of names and subjects Ces
Page 301 and 302:
268 Index of names and subjects Gro
Page 303 and 304:
270 Index of names and subjects Pat
Page 305:
272 Index of names and subjects Vel
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The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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