The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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The army, the local community, the law 151 Titus Aurelius Sarapammon, son of Titus, of the tribe Pollia, in the camp Titus Flavius Apollinaris, son of Titus, of the tribe Pollia, in the camp Marcus Furfanius Longus, son of Marcus, of the tribe Collina, from Paraetonium Century of Marinus Marcus Aurelius Herodes, son of Marcus, of the tribe Pollia, in the camp Of the forty-one soldiers whose origins are mentioned, thirty-two come from Egypt, and twenty-four of these state the military camp (castris) as their birthplace, all but one having the tribe Pollia. These men obviously had no municipium or colony to cite as their birthplace, and it is likely that most of them were illegitimate sons born to soldiers from women living in the canabae; those who were non-citizens (see pp. 153–60) could be attracted into the army by the offer of citizenship on enlistment, a practice that should be linked with the development of local recruiting. For example, around AD 161–192 about 25 per cent of the known soldiers of the III Augusta in Africa were recruited from the town of Lambaesis or castris, rising to 39 per cent in the Severan era (Le Bohec 1989b:491–530). 250 Salway, 1965: no. 26, inscription, Carriden, Britain, 2nd/3rd (?) C.AD To Jupiter Best and Greatest, the people of the vicus dwelling at the fort of Velunia (?), happily, willingly, and deservedly paid their vow, under the direction of Aelius Mansuetus. Vici (the inhabitants are vicani) grew up along the approach roads to smaller forts, and contained workshops and dwellings and related farmland and cemeteries. Note the development near the fort on the river Phasis, described by Arrian (text no. 146). Vici were distinguished from canabae by their size and also by the fact that there were probably fewer Roman citizens in them. There is some confusion in terminology in that vicus retained its basic meaning of a ‘subdivision’ of a larger entity, so large canabae were sometimes subdivided into vici (Salway 1965:9–13; Jones and Mattingly 1990:158–61). SOLDIERS, MARRIAGE, AND FAMILY LIFE A rule that almost certainly originated with Augustus forbade Roman soldiers to marry during service. In a long-service, professional army it was of course impossible to prevent them from forming liaisons with local women and from begetting children, but by denying them the consequences of a legally valid marriage the government could hope to discourage such unions. Certainly there was no obligation on it to make
152 The Roman Army provision for the accommodation of wives and children or to take account of them in the transfer of legions to new bases. Although many soldiers doubtless remained unmarried, many others did form unions and regarded themselves as married men. This will have become more common as the legions settled into permanent bases, while soldiers’ families lived in nearby canabae or other settlements. Therefore the status of a soldier’s ‘wife’ and children, and rights concerning the acquisition and leaving of property, assumed greater importance. Emperors tended to deal with the problem of military marriages in a piecemeal fashion as individual difficulties were brought to their attention, and there was no decisive action until Septimius Severus swept away the prohibition, probably in AD 197. By then its relevance had been undermined by concessions made to soldiers in respect of making a will and inheritance rights. Severus, however, after his violent usurpation of power, wished to cement the army’s loyalty by a dramatic gesture of goodwill (Campbell 1978). 251 CIL 3. 3271, inscription, Teutoburgium (Dalj), Pannonia, 1st C.AD To Tiberius Claudius Valerius, son of Brittus, decurion of the second ala of Aravaci, from Spain, fifty years of age, thirty years of military service, and to Claudia Januaria, his wife, and to Claudia Hispanilla, his daughter, both still living, in accordance with his will, Flaccus, decurion, his brother, and Hispanilla, his daughter, heirs, had this erected. 252 ILS 2389, inscription, Lugdunum (Lyon), Lugdunensis To the spirits of the departed and the everlasting memory of Celerinius Fidelis, a citizen from Batavia, soldier of Legion XXX (Ulpia Victrix), clerk of the procurator of the province of Lugdunensis, who lived forty years, and when he died left three surviving children. Celerinius Augendus, outstanding man, holder of the equestrian military offices, and Maturinia Pia, arranged for the erection of this (monument) to a dutiful brother and a beloved husband, and made the dedication while it was still under construction. 253 CIL 7. 229=RIB 594, inscription, Bremetenacum (Ribchester), Britain Covered by this earth is she who once was Aelia Matrona and lived twenty-eight years, two months, eight days, and Marcus Julius Maxim-
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The Roman Army, 31 BC-AD 337 The Ro
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First published 1994 by Routledge 1
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Contents List of plates ix List of
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Plates 1 Ti. Claudius Maximus 2 Cen
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Preface and acknowledgements The Ro
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Abbreviations AE L’Année épigra
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P. S. I. Pubblicazioni della societ
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Emperors from Augustus to Constanti
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denarius (‘ten as-piece’) = 4 s
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2 The Roman Army benefits are still
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4 The Roman Army military as well a
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6 The Roman Army The defeat of Cart
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8 The Roman Army who supplied caval
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10 The Roman Army career seemed mos
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12 The Roman Army in a recruit, you
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14 The Roman Army thanks to the lor
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16 The Roman Army should keep in st
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18 The Roman Army more impartial th
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20 The Roman Army speedily. The rem
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22 The Roman Army I paid monetary r
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24 The Roman Army hay 10 drachmas f
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26 The Roman Army I have received a
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28 The Roman Army from having more
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30 The Roman Army 34 Speidel 1980:7
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32 The Roman Army 40 ILS 2442, insc
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34 The Roman Army units were now be
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36 The Roman Army and I have alread
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38 The Roman Army heirs, set this u
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40 The Roman Army 63 CIL 6. 2725=IL
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42 The Roman Army principalis, acti
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44 The Roman Army 77 CIL 6. 2896=IL
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2 The officers CENTURIONS Centurion
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48 The Roman Army The emperor was u
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50 The Roman Army to Numidia, and f
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52 The Roman Army of Legion III Aug
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54 The Roman Army tribune of the fi
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56 The Roman Army Aurelius Harpocra
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58 The Roman Army Cornelius Minicia
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60 The Roman Army officer for Egypt
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62 The Roman Army Furthermore, an e
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64 The Roman Army probably formed d
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66 The Roman Army Moesia, legate of
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3 The Emperor as commander-in-chief
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70 The Roman Army to restrain thems
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72 The Roman Army 127 Josephus (1st
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74 The Roman Army Cornelius Fronto
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76 The Roman Army his tribunician p
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78 The Roman Army Lucius, in the si
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1 Ti. Claudius Maximus Source: Kava
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3 Trajan as commander-in-chief Sour
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8 The Roman siege ramp at Masada Ph
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11 The Mithraeum at Carrawburgh on
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14 Bronze diploma—exterior faces
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18 Bronze diploma—exterior face w
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80 The Roman Army Figure 1 Legionar
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82 The Roman Army fighting at the c
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84 The Roman Army the other legions
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Figure 3 The disposition of the leg
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88 The Roman Army outside the fort
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90 The Roman Army advisers, will ha
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92 The Roman Army guards and mounte
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94 The Roman Army period of imperia
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96 The Roman Army being able to str
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98 The Roman Army (Section 16) The
Page 133 and 134: 100 The Roman Army against archers,
Page 135 and 136: 102 The Roman Army (see Plate 8), t
Page 137 and 138: 104 The Roman Army the cohort menti
Page 139 and 140: 106 The Roman Army the wishes of Em
Page 141 and 142: 108 The Roman Army 177 D 49. 16. 3.
Page 143 and 144: 5 The army in peacetime MILITARY LI
Page 145 and 146: 112 The Roman Army do whatever may
Page 147 and 148: 114 The Roman Army This is probably
Page 149 and 150: 116 The Roman Army For the date and
Page 151 and 152: 118 The Roman Army Thiadices, who s
Page 153 and 154: 120 The Roman Army 190 P. Dura 60B,
Page 155 and 156: 122 The Roman Army of that communit
Page 157 and 158: 124 The Roman Army identified as br
Page 159 and 160: 126 The Roman Army The town of Sald
Page 161 and 162: 128 The Roman Army for the eternity
Page 163 and 164: 130 The Roman Army [7] September [
Page 165 and 166: 132 The Roman Army Although Tertull
Page 167 and 168: 134 The Roman Army 220 CIL 3. 11082
Page 169 and 170: 136 The Roman Army Cocidius was a C
Page 171 and 172: 138 The Roman Army the names of Get
Page 173 and 174: 6 The army, the local community, an
Page 175 and 176: 142 The Roman Army informal adminis
Page 177 and 178: 144 The Roman Army either military
Page 179 and 180: 146 The Roman Army Two legions were
Page 181 and 182: 148 The Roman Army the Medes, in th
Page 183: 150 The Roman Army [ _ _ _ ] Centur
Page 187 and 188: 154 The Roman Army Longinia, had be
Page 189 and 190: 156 The Roman Army opinion I gave y
Page 191 and 192: 158 The Roman Army property in acco
Page 193 and 194: 160 The Roman Army the will. His so
Page 195 and 196: 162 The Roman Army did make his wil
Page 197 and 198: 164 The Roman Army In Roman law eve
Page 199 and 200: 166 The Roman Army from home. Soldi
Page 201 and 202: 168 The Roman Army 277 CJ 12. 33(34
Page 203 and 204: 170 The Roman Army Published on 15
Page 205 and 206: 172 The Roman Army solution, becaus
Page 207 and 208: 174 The Roman Army ask that you sho
Page 209 and 210: 176 The Roman Army The reference to
Page 211 and 212: 178 The Roman Army with his own edi
Page 213 and 214: 180 The Roman Army of passing trave
Page 215 and 216: 182 The Roman Army The Roman empero
Page 217 and 218: 184 The Roman Army foreseen. Or was
Page 219 and 220: 186 The Roman Army the undivided su
Page 221 and 222: 188 The Roman Army name a figure of
Page 223 and 224: 190 The Roman Army disgraceful and
Page 225 and 226: 192 The Roman Army only explicit re
Page 227 and 228: 194 The Roman Army Rome) even thoug
Page 229 and 230: 196 The Roman Army grandson of Germ
Page 231 and 232: 198 The Roman Army and (13) first T
Page 233 and 234: 200 The Roman Army the fatherland,
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202 The Roman Army from your affirm
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204 The Roman Army honourably disch
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206 The Roman Army 337 FIRA 3. 171=
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208 The Roman Army (Fourth hand) (S
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210 The Roman Army service in the c
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212 The Roman Army colonies, or del
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214 The Roman Army Augustus himself
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216 The Roman Army 349 CIL 16. 13=M
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218 The Roman Army main roads did n
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220 The Roman Army 357 ILS 9085, in
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222 The Roman Army and Vergil in Ec
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224 The Roman Army you who are aliv
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226 The Roman Army 367 AE 1974. 283
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228 The Roman Army 374 ILS 9400, in
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230 The Roman Army considerable pro
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232 The Roman Army military organiz
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234 The Roman Army recruitment and
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236 The Roman Army Domitius Aurelia
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238 The Roman Army on the emperor (
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240 The Roman Army This rescript is
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242 The Roman Army peaceful repose
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244 The Roman Army in respect of on
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246 The Roman Army the soldiers, an
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248 The Roman Army (Alexander) gave
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Select bibliography Alföldy, G.. (
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252 Select bibliography Duncan-Jone
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254 Select bibliography Marsden, E.
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Index of translated passages LITERA
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258 Index of translated passages 24
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Index of names and subjects Promine
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266 Index of names and subjects Ces
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268 Index of names and subjects Gro
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270 Index of names and subjects Pat
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272 Index of names and subjects Vel
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The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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