The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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The army, the local community, the law 173 also called Capareis, shepherds, about damages they owed to me because of their flocks grazing over my land, they gave me a severe beating and abusively stated that they would not pay. And I lost forty silver drachmae which I had with me from the sale of opium, and a belt. Therefore I ask that I may receive redress so that the state should suffer no loss. Farewell. 288 P. Mich. 175=Daris, Documenti 77, papyrus, Socnopaiou Nesos, AD 193 To Ammonius Paternus, centurion, from Melas, son of Horion, from the village of Socnopaiou Nesos, priest of the god who is in the village. In the same village there belongs to me and my cousins Phanesis and Harpagathes, in common and with equal shares, as an inheritance from our maternal grandfather, a vacant piece of ground, surrounded by a wall, where we deposit every year the hay which we have. Then recently one cousin, Harpagathes, died and although his share was inherited equally by both of us, yesterday, which was the twenty-second, when I was depositing our hay in this place, Phanesis attacked me boldly and insolently, took my hay, and did not allow me to deposit it in our share but tried to push me out of this and to claim for himself alone what belongs to me; in addition to this he treated me with the most disgraceful viciousness. Therefore I request that you order him to be brought before you so that I may obtain the fair decision that is in your power. Farewell. (Second hand) Year 1 of Publius Helvius Pertinax Augustus, 23 Pharmuthi. In a more serious case recorded in a papyrus dated 27 May AD 243, a woman, Bathsabbatha Arsinoe from the village of Magdala, probably between Resapha and the Euphrates in Syria, petitions a centurion about the murder of her brother and the appropriation of his property. A soldier from the Legion XVI Flavia Firma at Appadana and a veteran appeared before the centurion to give evidence (Feissel and Gascou, 1989:558). The involvement of a centurion in local affairs also appears in P. Yadin 11; in AD 124 a centurion in the camp at En Gedi in Judaea made a large short-term loan at 12 per cent interest to a Jew named Judah, who owned a neighbouring palm grove (Yadin 1989). 289 Bowman and Thomas 1983: no. 22, tablet, c. AD 95–105 [ _ _ _ ]ius Karus to his Cerialis, greetings. [ _ _ _ ] Brigionus has asked me, sir, to commend him to you. Therefore I ask, sir, that if he has requested anything from you, you agree to give him your approval. I
174 The Roman Army ask that you should think it appropriate to commend him to Annius Equester, centurion responsible for the region, at Luguvalium (Carlisle). [By doing this] you will place me in your debt [both in his] name and [in mine]. I hope that you are having the best of fortune and are well. (Second hand) Farewell, brother. (Back) To Cerialis, prefect. This is the earliest evidence we have for a centurion of a district, though there is no indication of what kind of jurisdiction, if any, he exercised. There are other examples from Bath (text no. 211) and Ribchester in Britain, Egypt, Galatia, Lugdunensis, Noricum, and Pannonia. Many ostraca from Mons Claudianus in Egypt show that a centurion of this fort was responsible for issuing passes for travellers on the road which descended from Mons Claudianus towards the valley of the Nile; they were addressed to stationarii, who were responsible for supervision of the roads leading to the fort and the mines in the area—‘Antoninus, centurion, to the stationarii, greetings. Allow to pass a woman and two children. 10 Phaophi’ (2nd C. AD; see Bingen et al. 1992:57–74, especially no. 58). 290 Petronius (1st (?) C.AD), Satyricon 82 (Encolpius rushes into the street with his hand on his sword hilt) Then a soldier spotted me; he was probably a deserter or a nocturnal cutthroat; ‘Hey, comrade’, he said, ‘what legion or whose century do you belong to?’ I lied boldly about my legion and century, but he said: ‘Well then, in your army do the soldiers walk about wearing white slippers?’ Since my expression and my trembling gave away that I had been lying, he ordered me to hand over my sword and to watch out for myself. So, I was robbed… Petronius is writing a novel in which his hero, Encolpius, is at large in southern Italy, perhaps near Puteoli; the author imagines that an encounter with a soldier could be frightening and violent, and that soldiers could be casual thieves; he must have expected this to be credible to his audience. Apuleius, in his novel The Golden Ass, imagines the same kind of incident in a provincial setting. 291 Apuleius (2nd C.AD), The Golden Ass 9. 39; 42; 10. 1; 13 (extracts) (The hero has been turned into an ass and is in the service of a gardener) But our return was not free from trouble. For we encountered a tall legionary soldier, as his dress and appearance indicated, who arrogantly and abusively demanded where he (the gardener) was taking the unladen ass. But my master, who was still
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The Roman Army, 31 BC-AD 337 The Ro
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First published 1994 by Routledge 1
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Contents List of plates ix List of
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Plates 1 Ti. Claudius Maximus 2 Cen
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Preface and acknowledgements The Ro
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Abbreviations AE L’Année épigra
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P. S. I. Pubblicazioni della societ
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Emperors from Augustus to Constanti
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denarius (‘ten as-piece’) = 4 s
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2 The Roman Army benefits are still
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4 The Roman Army military as well a
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6 The Roman Army The defeat of Cart
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8 The Roman Army who supplied caval
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10 The Roman Army career seemed mos
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12 The Roman Army in a recruit, you
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14 The Roman Army thanks to the lor
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16 The Roman Army should keep in st
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18 The Roman Army more impartial th
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20 The Roman Army speedily. The rem
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22 The Roman Army I paid monetary r
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24 The Roman Army hay 10 drachmas f
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26 The Roman Army I have received a
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28 The Roman Army from having more
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30 The Roman Army 34 Speidel 1980:7
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32 The Roman Army 40 ILS 2442, insc
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34 The Roman Army units were now be
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36 The Roman Army and I have alread
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38 The Roman Army heirs, set this u
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40 The Roman Army 63 CIL 6. 2725=IL
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42 The Roman Army principalis, acti
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44 The Roman Army 77 CIL 6. 2896=IL
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2 The officers CENTURIONS Centurion
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48 The Roman Army The emperor was u
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50 The Roman Army to Numidia, and f
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52 The Roman Army of Legion III Aug
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54 The Roman Army tribune of the fi
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56 The Roman Army Aurelius Harpocra
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58 The Roman Army Cornelius Minicia
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60 The Roman Army officer for Egypt
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62 The Roman Army Furthermore, an e
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64 The Roman Army probably formed d
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66 The Roman Army Moesia, legate of
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3 The Emperor as commander-in-chief
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70 The Roman Army to restrain thems
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72 The Roman Army 127 Josephus (1st
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74 The Roman Army Cornelius Fronto
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76 The Roman Army his tribunician p
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78 The Roman Army Lucius, in the si
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1 Ti. Claudius Maximus Source: Kava
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3 Trajan as commander-in-chief Sour
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8 The Roman siege ramp at Masada Ph
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11 The Mithraeum at Carrawburgh on
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14 Bronze diploma—exterior faces
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18 Bronze diploma—exterior face w
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80 The Roman Army Figure 1 Legionar
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82 The Roman Army fighting at the c
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84 The Roman Army the other legions
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Figure 3 The disposition of the leg
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88 The Roman Army outside the fort
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90 The Roman Army advisers, will ha
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92 The Roman Army guards and mounte
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94 The Roman Army period of imperia
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96 The Roman Army being able to str
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98 The Roman Army (Section 16) The
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100 The Roman Army against archers,
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102 The Roman Army (see Plate 8), t
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104 The Roman Army the cohort menti
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106 The Roman Army the wishes of Em
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108 The Roman Army 177 D 49. 16. 3.
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5 The army in peacetime MILITARY LI
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112 The Roman Army do whatever may
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114 The Roman Army This is probably
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116 The Roman Army For the date and
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118 The Roman Army Thiadices, who s
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120 The Roman Army 190 P. Dura 60B,
Page 155 and 156: 122 The Roman Army of that communit
Page 157 and 158: 124 The Roman Army identified as br
Page 159 and 160: 126 The Roman Army The town of Sald
Page 161 and 162: 128 The Roman Army for the eternity
Page 163 and 164: 130 The Roman Army [7] September [
Page 165 and 166: 132 The Roman Army Although Tertull
Page 167 and 168: 134 The Roman Army 220 CIL 3. 11082
Page 169 and 170: 136 The Roman Army Cocidius was a C
Page 171 and 172: 138 The Roman Army the names of Get
Page 173 and 174: 6 The army, the local community, an
Page 175 and 176: 142 The Roman Army informal adminis
Page 177 and 178: 144 The Roman Army either military
Page 179 and 180: 146 The Roman Army Two legions were
Page 181 and 182: 148 The Roman Army the Medes, in th
Page 183 and 184: 150 The Roman Army [ _ _ _ ] Centur
Page 185 and 186: 152 The Roman Army provision for th
Page 187 and 188: 154 The Roman Army Longinia, had be
Page 189 and 190: 156 The Roman Army opinion I gave y
Page 191 and 192: 158 The Roman Army property in acco
Page 193 and 194: 160 The Roman Army the will. His so
Page 195 and 196: 162 The Roman Army did make his wil
Page 197 and 198: 164 The Roman Army In Roman law eve
Page 199 and 200: 166 The Roman Army from home. Soldi
Page 201 and 202: 168 The Roman Army 277 CJ 12. 33(34
Page 203 and 204: 170 The Roman Army Published on 15
Page 205: 172 The Roman Army solution, becaus
Page 209 and 210: 176 The Roman Army The reference to
Page 211 and 212: 178 The Roman Army with his own edi
Page 213 and 214: 180 The Roman Army of passing trave
Page 215 and 216: 182 The Roman Army The Roman empero
Page 217 and 218: 184 The Roman Army foreseen. Or was
Page 219 and 220: 186 The Roman Army the undivided su
Page 221 and 222: 188 The Roman Army name a figure of
Page 223 and 224: 190 The Roman Army disgraceful and
Page 225 and 226: 192 The Roman Army only explicit re
Page 227 and 228: 194 The Roman Army Rome) even thoug
Page 229 and 230: 196 The Roman Army grandson of Germ
Page 231 and 232: 198 The Roman Army and (13) first T
Page 233 and 234: 200 The Roman Army the fatherland,
Page 235 and 236: 202 The Roman Army from your affirm
Page 237 and 238: 204 The Roman Army honourably disch
Page 239 and 240: 206 The Roman Army 337 FIRA 3. 171=
Page 241 and 242: 208 The Roman Army (Fourth hand) (S
Page 243 and 244: 210 The Roman Army service in the c
Page 245 and 246: 212 The Roman Army colonies, or del
Page 247 and 248: 214 The Roman Army Augustus himself
Page 249 and 250: 216 The Roman Army 349 CIL 16. 13=M
Page 251 and 252: 218 The Roman Army main roads did n
Page 253 and 254: 220 The Roman Army 357 ILS 9085, in
Page 255 and 256: 222 The Roman Army and Vergil in Ec
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224 The Roman Army you who are aliv
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226 The Roman Army 367 AE 1974. 283
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228 The Roman Army 374 ILS 9400, in
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230 The Roman Army considerable pro
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232 The Roman Army military organiz
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234 The Roman Army recruitment and
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236 The Roman Army Domitius Aurelia
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238 The Roman Army on the emperor (
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240 The Roman Army This rescript is
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242 The Roman Army peaceful repose
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244 The Roman Army in respect of on
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246 The Roman Army the soldiers, an
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248 The Roman Army (Alexander) gave
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Select bibliography Alföldy, G.. (
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252 Select bibliography Duncan-Jone
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254 Select bibliography Marsden, E.
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Index of translated passages LITERA
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258 Index of translated passages 24
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Page 295 and 296:
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Index of names and subjects Promine
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266 Index of names and subjects Ces
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268 Index of names and subjects Gro
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270 Index of names and subjects Pat
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272 Index of names and subjects Vel
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The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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