The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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The Emperor as commander-in-chief 75 triumphs to me, all of which I declined. I deposited the laurel leaves which decorated my fasces in the Capitol, after fulfilling the vows which I had undertaken in each war… (Section 3) In my triumphs nine kings or children of kings were led in front of my chariot. Cf. text no. 128. Laurel leaves symbolized the crown of the triumphator. After 19 BC senators were not permitted to hold a triumph, which was confined to members of the imperial family. 136 BMC 1, p. 168, no. 29=Smallwood GN 43 (a), aureus, AD 46–7 (see Plate 5) Obverse. Head of Claudius, laureate. TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS CAESAR AUGUSTUS, CHIEF PRIEST, IN THE SIXTH YEAR OF HIS TRIBUNICIAN POWER, IMPERATOR FOR THE TENTH TIME. Reverse. Triumphal arch surmounted by an equestrian statue between two trophies; on the architrave of the arch. (VICTORY) OVER THE BRITISH. 137 ILS 213 = Smallwood GN 44, inscription, Rome, AD 49 Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, son of Drusus, chief priest, in the ninth year of his tribunician power, imperator for the sixteenth time, consul for the fourth time, censor, father of the fatherland, having increased the territory of the Roman people, extended and demarcated the boundary of the pomerium. (On the top) Pomerium (On the side) 8. Cf. Dio, 60. 22–23; Suetonius, Claudius 17; 21. The pomerium was the formal boundary of Rome. Claudius, weak and unpopular, aimed to enhance his prestige by a display of military prowess. 138 ILS 264 = MW 53, inscription, Rome, arch in the Circus Maximus, AD 80 The senate and people of Rome to Emperor Titus Caesar Vespasianus Augustus, son of the divine Vespasian, chief priest, in the tenth year of
76 The Roman Army his tribunician power, imperator for the seventeenth time, consul for the eighth time, father of the fatherland, their own leader (princeps), because under the direction, advice, and auspices of his father, he subdued the Jewish race and destroyed the city of Jerusalem, which had been either besieged fruitlessly or left completely untouched by all the commanders, kings, and peoples before him. 139 Josephus, Jewish War 7. 132–57 (extracts) It is impossible to describe properly the huge number of wonderful sights and their magnificence in every conceivable way, either as works of art or in variety of wealth or as rarities of nature. (Section 133) Virtually all the things which men of exceptional good fortune have acquired individually, the marvellous and priceless achievements of other peoples, these were assembled on that day and demonstrated the magnitude of the Roman empire… (A description of the riches in the procession). (Section 136) Moreover, the images of their (Roman) gods of astonishing size and brilliantly worked craftsmanship were carried in the procession, and there was nothing which was not made from an expensive material. Many types of animals were also led past, all decorated with the proper trappings. (Section 137) The men who had charge of each group of these animals were adorned with clothing of purple and gold, while those chosen to participate in the procession itself had on their persons the most remarkable and astonishingly rich adornment. (Section 138) Furthermore, even the mob of captives did not lack ornaments, and the elaborate and beautiful nature of their garments hid from view any unsightly mutilation of their bodies… (Description of various tableaux depicting the course of the campaign.) (Section 148) The spoils were carried piled up in heaps, but those taken from the temple in Jerusalem were more conspicuous than all the rest… (Description of the spoils including the seven-branched-candelabrum.) (Section 150) A copy of the Jewish Law was carried after this, as last of all the spoils. (Section 151) Next came many people carrying statues of Victory, all made from ivory and gold. (Section 152) Behind them first drove Vespasian with Titus following, while Domitian rode beside them magnificently dressed, and his horse too was a wonderful sight. (Section 153) The triumphal procession reached its conclusion at the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus where they came to a halt. It was an ancient custom to wait there until the death of the general of the enemy should be announced. (Section 154) This man was Simon, son of Gioras, who had just taken part in the procession with the prisoners; then a noose was placed round his neck and he was whipped by his escort as
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The Roman Army, 31 BC-AD 337 The Ro
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First published 1994 by Routledge 1
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Contents List of plates ix List of
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Plates 1 Ti. Claudius Maximus 2 Cen
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Preface and acknowledgements The Ro
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Abbreviations AE L’Année épigra
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P. S. I. Pubblicazioni della societ
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Emperors from Augustus to Constanti
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denarius (‘ten as-piece’) = 4 s
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2 The Roman Army benefits are still
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4 The Roman Army military as well a
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6 The Roman Army The defeat of Cart
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8 The Roman Army who supplied caval
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10 The Roman Army career seemed mos
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12 The Roman Army in a recruit, you
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14 The Roman Army thanks to the lor
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16 The Roman Army should keep in st
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18 The Roman Army more impartial th
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20 The Roman Army speedily. The rem
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22 The Roman Army I paid monetary r
Page 45 and 46: 24 The Roman Army hay 10 drachmas f
Page 47 and 48: 26 The Roman Army I have received a
Page 49 and 50: 28 The Roman Army from having more
Page 51 and 52: 30 The Roman Army 34 Speidel 1980:7
Page 53 and 54: 32 The Roman Army 40 ILS 2442, insc
Page 55 and 56: 34 The Roman Army units were now be
Page 57 and 58: 36 The Roman Army and I have alread
Page 59 and 60: 38 The Roman Army heirs, set this u
Page 61 and 62: 40 The Roman Army 63 CIL 6. 2725=IL
Page 63 and 64: 42 The Roman Army principalis, acti
Page 65 and 66: 44 The Roman Army 77 CIL 6. 2896=IL
Page 67 and 68: 2 The officers CENTURIONS Centurion
Page 69 and 70: 48 The Roman Army The emperor was u
Page 71 and 72: 50 The Roman Army to Numidia, and f
Page 73 and 74: 52 The Roman Army of Legion III Aug
Page 75 and 76: 54 The Roman Army tribune of the fi
Page 77 and 78: 56 The Roman Army Aurelius Harpocra
Page 79 and 80: 58 The Roman Army Cornelius Minicia
Page 81 and 82: 60 The Roman Army officer for Egypt
Page 83 and 84: 62 The Roman Army Furthermore, an e
Page 85 and 86: 64 The Roman Army probably formed d
Page 87 and 88: 66 The Roman Army Moesia, legate of
Page 89 and 90: 3 The Emperor as commander-in-chief
Page 91 and 92: 70 The Roman Army to restrain thems
Page 93 and 94: 72 The Roman Army 127 Josephus (1st
Page 95: 74 The Roman Army Cornelius Fronto
Page 99 and 100: 78 The Roman Army Lucius, in the si
Page 101 and 102: 1 Ti. Claudius Maximus Source: Kava
Page 103 and 104: 3 Trajan as commander-in-chief Sour
Page 105 and 106: 8 The Roman siege ramp at Masada Ph
Page 107 and 108: 11 The Mithraeum at Carrawburgh on
Page 109 and 110: 14 Bronze diploma—exterior faces
Page 111 and 112: 18 Bronze diploma—exterior face w
Page 113 and 114: 80 The Roman Army Figure 1 Legionar
Page 115 and 116: 82 The Roman Army fighting at the c
Page 117 and 118: 84 The Roman Army the other legions
Page 119 and 120: Figure 3 The disposition of the leg
Page 121 and 122: 88 The Roman Army outside the fort
Page 123 and 124: 90 The Roman Army advisers, will ha
Page 125 and 126: 92 The Roman Army guards and mounte
Page 127 and 128: 94 The Roman Army period of imperia
Page 129 and 130: 96 The Roman Army being able to str
Page 131 and 132: 98 The Roman Army (Section 16) The
Page 133 and 134: 100 The Roman Army against archers,
Page 135 and 136: 102 The Roman Army (see Plate 8), t
Page 137 and 138: 104 The Roman Army the cohort menti
Page 139 and 140: 106 The Roman Army the wishes of Em
Page 141 and 142: 108 The Roman Army 177 D 49. 16. 3.
Page 143 and 144: 5 The army in peacetime MILITARY LI
Page 145 and 146: 112 The Roman Army do whatever may
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114 The Roman Army This is probably
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116 The Roman Army For the date and
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118 The Roman Army Thiadices, who s
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120 The Roman Army 190 P. Dura 60B,
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122 The Roman Army of that communit
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124 The Roman Army identified as br
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126 The Roman Army The town of Sald
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128 The Roman Army for the eternity
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130 The Roman Army [7] September [
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132 The Roman Army Although Tertull
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134 The Roman Army 220 CIL 3. 11082
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136 The Roman Army Cocidius was a C
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138 The Roman Army the names of Get
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6 The army, the local community, an
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142 The Roman Army informal adminis
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144 The Roman Army either military
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146 The Roman Army Two legions were
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148 The Roman Army the Medes, in th
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150 The Roman Army [ _ _ _ ] Centur
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152 The Roman Army provision for th
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154 The Roman Army Longinia, had be
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156 The Roman Army opinion I gave y
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158 The Roman Army property in acco
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160 The Roman Army the will. His so
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162 The Roman Army did make his wil
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164 The Roman Army In Roman law eve
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166 The Roman Army from home. Soldi
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168 The Roman Army 277 CJ 12. 33(34
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170 The Roman Army Published on 15
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172 The Roman Army solution, becaus
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174 The Roman Army ask that you sho
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176 The Roman Army The reference to
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178 The Roman Army with his own edi
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180 The Roman Army of passing trave
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182 The Roman Army The Roman empero
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184 The Roman Army foreseen. Or was
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186 The Roman Army the undivided su
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188 The Roman Army name a figure of
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190 The Roman Army disgraceful and
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192 The Roman Army only explicit re
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194 The Roman Army Rome) even thoug
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196 The Roman Army grandson of Germ
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198 The Roman Army and (13) first T
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200 The Roman Army the fatherland,
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202 The Roman Army from your affirm
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204 The Roman Army honourably disch
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206 The Roman Army 337 FIRA 3. 171=
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208 The Roman Army (Fourth hand) (S
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210 The Roman Army service in the c
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212 The Roman Army colonies, or del
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214 The Roman Army Augustus himself
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216 The Roman Army 349 CIL 16. 13=M
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218 The Roman Army main roads did n
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220 The Roman Army 357 ILS 9085, in
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222 The Roman Army and Vergil in Ec
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224 The Roman Army you who are aliv
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226 The Roman Army 367 AE 1974. 283
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228 The Roman Army 374 ILS 9400, in
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230 The Roman Army considerable pro
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232 The Roman Army military organiz
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234 The Roman Army recruitment and
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236 The Roman Army Domitius Aurelia
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238 The Roman Army on the emperor (
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240 The Roman Army This rescript is
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242 The Roman Army peaceful repose
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244 The Roman Army in respect of on
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246 The Roman Army the soldiers, an
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248 The Roman Army (Alexander) gave
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Select bibliography Alföldy, G.. (
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252 Select bibliography Duncan-Jone
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254 Select bibliography Marsden, E.
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Index of translated passages LITERA
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258 Index of translated passages 24
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Index of names and subjects Promine
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266 Index of names and subjects Ces
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268 Index of names and subjects Gro
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270 Index of names and subjects Pat
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272 Index of names and subjects Vel
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The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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