The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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The Emperor as commander-in-chief 73 aspect of military life, though of course depending on his experience he would take advice from his commanders. It is hard to believe that during his short visit to Britain Claudius made much difference to the plans worked out by Aulus Plautius (cf. Dio, 60. 21; Suetonius, Claudius 17). We may contrast the more direct leadership of Domitian, Trajan, Marcus Aurelius, or Septimius Severus (Dio, 75. 11–12—siege of Hatra). 130 Frontinus (1st–2nd C.AD), Stratagems 1. 3. 10 When the Germans in their usual way kept emerging from woodland and concealed hiding-places to attack our soldiers while keeping a safe escape route through the recesses of the forest, Emperor Caesar Domitian Augustus by extending the frontier along a length of 120 miles, not only altered the character of the war, but subjected the enemy to his control because he had uncovered their hiding-places. See also text no. 158. 131 Dio, 68. 23 He (Trajan) always marched on foot with the body of the army, looked after the dispositions of the troops during the entire campaign, drawing them up first in one formation, then another, and forded on foot all the rivers that they did. Sometimes he even circulated false reports through the scouts so that the soldiers might simultaneously practise their manoeuvres and be fearlessly ready to face any eventuality. Dio is referring to the Parthian war. The ideal of Trajan’s personal leadership in the Dacian wars is graphically expressed in the sculptures on his commemorative column, where the emperor is to the forefront of many scenes (see Plates 3 and 4). 132 Fronto (2nd C.AD), Ad Verum Imp. 2. 3 (Loeb, vol. II, pp. 194–6), AD 166 (Lucius Verus to Fronto)… I am ready to agree to any suggestions as long as my achievements are highlighted by you. Naturally you will not omit my speeches to the senate and addresses to the army. I shall also send you the text of my negotiations with the enemy. They will be a great help to you… You should spend a lot of time on the causes and early stages of the war, and particularly on the poor progress in my absence. You should come slowly to my role. Moreover, I think that it is essential to make clear how much the Parthians had the upper hand before my arrival, so that the extent of my achievements may be highlighted.
74 The Roman Army Cornelius Fronto was intending to write a history about the campaign led by the emperor Lucius Verus against the Parthians (AD 163–6). This letter illustrates the importance in imperial life of personal involvement in all aspects of military command and personal responsibility for victory. 133 BMC 3, pp. 497–504=Smallwood NH 337, sestertii, c. AD 134–8 Obverse. Bust of Hadrian, laureate or bare-headed. HADRIAN AUGUSTUS, CONSUL FOR THE THIRD TIME, FATHER OF THE FATHERLAND. Reverse. Hadrian, in military dress, sometimes accompanied by an officer, addressing soldiers from a platform in some versions, in others, from horseback. THE ARMY OF BRITAIN. BY DECREE OF THE SENATE. These coins are part of a series issued by Hadrian celebrating the army stationed in the provinces. Similar examples are known for the armies of Cappadocia, Dacia, Dalmatia, Germany, Spain, Africa, Moesia, Noricum, Raetia, Syria, and Thrace; there is also a type which shows Hadrian addressing the praetorians. They serve to emphasize his concern for the troops and leadership of the army, qualities also demonstrated in his personal visits to army camps; for his speech in Africa, see text no. 17. 134 ILS 419, inscription, Moguntiacum (Mainz), Upper Germany, AD 197 In honour of Lucius Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax Augustus, unconquered Emperor, and Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caesar, for Legion XXII Primigenia, Loyal and Faithful, in recognition of its distinction and courage, the community of the Treveri (Trier) after being defended by it during a siege (set this up). It is significant that the Treveri make their dedication in the first place in the name of the emperors, who are seen as the directing force behind the army’s success (for emperors as commanders, see Campbell 1984:59–69; 1987:28–9). IMPERIAL MILITARY HONOURS 135 Augustus, Res Gestae 4. 1; 3 I celebrated two ovations and three curule triumphs (29 BC) and was acclaimed imperator on twenty-one occasions. The senate voted more
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The Roman Army, 31 BC-AD 337 The Ro
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First published 1994 by Routledge 1
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Contents List of plates ix List of
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Plates 1 Ti. Claudius Maximus 2 Cen
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Preface and acknowledgements The Ro
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Abbreviations AE L’Année épigra
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P. S. I. Pubblicazioni della societ
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Emperors from Augustus to Constanti
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denarius (‘ten as-piece’) = 4 s
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2 The Roman Army benefits are still
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4 The Roman Army military as well a
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6 The Roman Army The defeat of Cart
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8 The Roman Army who supplied caval
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10 The Roman Army career seemed mos
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12 The Roman Army in a recruit, you
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14 The Roman Army thanks to the lor
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16 The Roman Army should keep in st
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18 The Roman Army more impartial th
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20 The Roman Army speedily. The rem
Page 43 and 44: 22 The Roman Army I paid monetary r
Page 45 and 46: 24 The Roman Army hay 10 drachmas f
Page 47 and 48: 26 The Roman Army I have received a
Page 49 and 50: 28 The Roman Army from having more
Page 51 and 52: 30 The Roman Army 34 Speidel 1980:7
Page 53 and 54: 32 The Roman Army 40 ILS 2442, insc
Page 55 and 56: 34 The Roman Army units were now be
Page 57 and 58: 36 The Roman Army and I have alread
Page 59 and 60: 38 The Roman Army heirs, set this u
Page 61 and 62: 40 The Roman Army 63 CIL 6. 2725=IL
Page 63 and 64: 42 The Roman Army principalis, acti
Page 65 and 66: 44 The Roman Army 77 CIL 6. 2896=IL
Page 67 and 68: 2 The officers CENTURIONS Centurion
Page 69 and 70: 48 The Roman Army The emperor was u
Page 71 and 72: 50 The Roman Army to Numidia, and f
Page 73 and 74: 52 The Roman Army of Legion III Aug
Page 75 and 76: 54 The Roman Army tribune of the fi
Page 77 and 78: 56 The Roman Army Aurelius Harpocra
Page 79 and 80: 58 The Roman Army Cornelius Minicia
Page 81 and 82: 60 The Roman Army officer for Egypt
Page 83 and 84: 62 The Roman Army Furthermore, an e
Page 85 and 86: 64 The Roman Army probably formed d
Page 87 and 88: 66 The Roman Army Moesia, legate of
Page 89 and 90: 3 The Emperor as commander-in-chief
Page 91 and 92: 70 The Roman Army to restrain thems
Page 93: 72 The Roman Army 127 Josephus (1st
Page 97 and 98: 76 The Roman Army his tribunician p
Page 99 and 100: 78 The Roman Army Lucius, in the si
Page 101 and 102: 1 Ti. Claudius Maximus Source: Kava
Page 103 and 104: 3 Trajan as commander-in-chief Sour
Page 105 and 106: 8 The Roman siege ramp at Masada Ph
Page 107 and 108: 11 The Mithraeum at Carrawburgh on
Page 109 and 110: 14 Bronze diploma—exterior faces
Page 111 and 112: 18 Bronze diploma—exterior face w
Page 113 and 114: 80 The Roman Army Figure 1 Legionar
Page 115 and 116: 82 The Roman Army fighting at the c
Page 117 and 118: 84 The Roman Army the other legions
Page 119 and 120: Figure 3 The disposition of the leg
Page 121 and 122: 88 The Roman Army outside the fort
Page 123 and 124: 90 The Roman Army advisers, will ha
Page 125 and 126: 92 The Roman Army guards and mounte
Page 127 and 128: 94 The Roman Army period of imperia
Page 129 and 130: 96 The Roman Army being able to str
Page 131 and 132: 98 The Roman Army (Section 16) The
Page 133 and 134: 100 The Roman Army against archers,
Page 135 and 136: 102 The Roman Army (see Plate 8), t
Page 137 and 138: 104 The Roman Army the cohort menti
Page 139 and 140: 106 The Roman Army the wishes of Em
Page 141 and 142: 108 The Roman Army 177 D 49. 16. 3.
Page 143 and 144: 5 The army in peacetime MILITARY LI
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112 The Roman Army do whatever may
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114 The Roman Army This is probably
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116 The Roman Army For the date and
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118 The Roman Army Thiadices, who s
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120 The Roman Army 190 P. Dura 60B,
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122 The Roman Army of that communit
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124 The Roman Army identified as br
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126 The Roman Army The town of Sald
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128 The Roman Army for the eternity
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130 The Roman Army [7] September [
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132 The Roman Army Although Tertull
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134 The Roman Army 220 CIL 3. 11082
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136 The Roman Army Cocidius was a C
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138 The Roman Army the names of Get
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6 The army, the local community, an
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142 The Roman Army informal adminis
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144 The Roman Army either military
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146 The Roman Army Two legions were
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148 The Roman Army the Medes, in th
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150 The Roman Army [ _ _ _ ] Centur
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152 The Roman Army provision for th
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154 The Roman Army Longinia, had be
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156 The Roman Army opinion I gave y
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158 The Roman Army property in acco
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160 The Roman Army the will. His so
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162 The Roman Army did make his wil
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164 The Roman Army In Roman law eve
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166 The Roman Army from home. Soldi
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168 The Roman Army 277 CJ 12. 33(34
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170 The Roman Army Published on 15
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172 The Roman Army solution, becaus
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174 The Roman Army ask that you sho
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176 The Roman Army The reference to
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178 The Roman Army with his own edi
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180 The Roman Army of passing trave
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182 The Roman Army The Roman empero
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184 The Roman Army foreseen. Or was
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186 The Roman Army the undivided su
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188 The Roman Army name a figure of
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190 The Roman Army disgraceful and
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192 The Roman Army only explicit re
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194 The Roman Army Rome) even thoug
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196 The Roman Army grandson of Germ
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198 The Roman Army and (13) first T
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200 The Roman Army the fatherland,
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202 The Roman Army from your affirm
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204 The Roman Army honourably disch
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206 The Roman Army 337 FIRA 3. 171=
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208 The Roman Army (Fourth hand) (S
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210 The Roman Army service in the c
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212 The Roman Army colonies, or del
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214 The Roman Army Augustus himself
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216 The Roman Army 349 CIL 16. 13=M
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218 The Roman Army main roads did n
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220 The Roman Army 357 ILS 9085, in
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222 The Roman Army and Vergil in Ec
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224 The Roman Army you who are aliv
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226 The Roman Army 367 AE 1974. 283
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228 The Roman Army 374 ILS 9400, in
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230 The Roman Army considerable pro
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232 The Roman Army military organiz
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234 The Roman Army recruitment and
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236 The Roman Army Domitius Aurelia
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238 The Roman Army on the emperor (
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240 The Roman Army This rescript is
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242 The Roman Army peaceful repose
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244 The Roman Army in respect of on
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246 The Roman Army the soldiers, an
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248 The Roman Army (Alexander) gave
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Select bibliography Alföldy, G.. (
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252 Select bibliography Duncan-Jone
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254 Select bibliography Marsden, E.
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Index of translated passages LITERA
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258 Index of translated passages 24
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Index of names and subjects Promine
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266 Index of names and subjects Ces
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268 Index of names and subjects Gro
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270 Index of names and subjects Pat
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272 Index of names and subjects Vel
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The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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