The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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The officers 49 standard-bearer; he was promoted to centurion by the vote of the [same] legion, served as centurion of Legion I Italica, centurion of Legion VI F[errata], centurion of Legion I Minervia, centurion of Legion X Gemina, centurion of Legion II A[ugusta], centurion of Legion III Augusta, centurion of Legion III Gallica, centurion of Legion XXX Ulpia, centurion of Legion VI Victrix, centurion of Legion III Cyrenaica, centurion of Legion XV Apollinaris, centurion of Legion II Parthica, centurion of Legion I Adiutrix; in the Parthian expedition he was decorated for bravery with a Wall and Rampart Crown and with Necklaces and Ornaments; he was in his eightieth year at the completion of this monument for himself and for Claudia Marcia Capitolina, his beloved wife, who was in her sixty-fifth year at the time of the completion of this monument, and for his son, Marcus Petronius Fortunatus, who served in the army for six years, centurion of Legion XXII Primigenia, centurion of Legion II Augusta, lived thirty-five years; for their beloved son, Fortunatus and Marcia, his parents, built this as a memorial. See E. B. Birley 1965. This man’s forty-six years of service as a centurion in thirteen legions saw him transferred from Lower Moesia to Syria Palestina (he probably met his wife in Jerusalem), Lower Germany, Upper Pannonia, Britain, Numidia, Syria, Lower Germany, Britain, Arabia, Cappadocia, probably Albanum in Italy, and Upper or Lower Pannonia. These long-distance transfers can hardly be seen as promotions for a soldier who did not reach the primi ordines; it seems rather that the government used him as circumstances demanded. There were doubtless many experienced centurions who were not set for higher things and who were proud simply of their status as centurion. For the appointment of a centurion on the vote of the legion, see also AE 1976. 540. 87 CIL 8. 2877 = ILS 2653, inscription, Lambaesis, Africa, 3rd C. AD (Bust of a man holding a book.) To the spirits of the departed. Titus Flavius Virilis, centurion of Legion II Augusta, centurion of Legion XX Valeria Victrix, centurion of Legion VI Victrix, centurion of Legion XX Valeria Victrix, centurion of Legion III Augusta, centurion of Legion III Parthica Severiana as hastatus posterior of the ninth cohort, lived seventy years and served forty-five years. Lollia Bodicca, his wife, and Victor and Victorinus, sons of Flavius, his heirs, had this constructed at a cost of 1,200 sesterces. Virilis held six posts as centurion, two in one legion at different times; the first four were in Britain, where he presumably met his wife; then he was transferred
50 The Roman Army to Numidia, and finally to Mesopotamia, finishing his career in the junior century of the ninth cohort. This is explicable if it is right that all centurions in cohorts 2–10 had equal rank. He may have served as a legionary before promotion to the centurionate. See also C. Bruun, Arctos 1988, 36. 88 CIL 8. 2354, inscription, Thamugadi (Timgad), Numidia, 2nd C.AD Sacred to the Parthian victory of the Emperor, in accordance with the will of Marcus Annius Martialis, son of Marcus, of the tribe Quirina, soldier of Legion III Augusta, soldier on double pay in the ala of Pannonians, decurion of the same ala, centurion of Legion III Augusta and Legion XXX Ulpia Victrix, honourably discharged by Emperor Trajan Optimus Augustus, Conqueror of the Germans, Conqueror of the Dacians, Conqueror of the Parthians. Protus, Hilarus, Eros, freedmen of Marcus Annius, arranged for the construction of and also dedicated the individual statues (?) from a sum of 8,000 sesterces less the 5 per cent inheritance tax of the Roman people, and themselves added 3,000 sesterces. By decree of the town councillors. Martialis was promoted to a legionary centurionate from the command of a troop in an auxiliary ala. 89 ILS 2666, inscription, Tuficum, Umbria, 2nd C.AD To Sextus Aetrius Ferox, son of Sextus, of the tribe Oufentina, centurion of Legion II Traiana Brave; this man was the first of all those who held the post of chief clerk (cornicularius) of the Prefect of the vigiles to be appointed centurion in Alexandria, by Emperor Caesar Antoninus Augustus Pius, father of the fatherland, because he conducted himself so diligently in the stages of his military service, by decree of the town councillors and with the agreement of the people, because of his worthiness. This man at the dedication of the statue granted a banquet and 4,000 sesterces to the townsfolk and the local inhabitants of both sexes. Promotion from the vigiles to centurion rank was unusual, and only one other example is known (CIL 6. 414b). Another inscription which was perhaps carved on the same stone records the gratitude of the community to Ferox for his help when it was needed, and most recently for helping to persuade Antoninus Pius to permit the community to levy a tax to defray the cost of laying a paved road (ILS 2666a—AD 141). Ferox, obviously a man of some wealth, had used his contacts with the emperor to gain a concession for his community.
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The Roman Army, 31 BC-AD 337 The Ro
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First published 1994 by Routledge 1
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Contents List of plates ix List of
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Plates 1 Ti. Claudius Maximus 2 Cen
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Preface and acknowledgements The Ro
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Abbreviations AE L’Année épigra
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P. S. I. Pubblicazioni della societ
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Emperors from Augustus to Constanti
Page 20: denarius (‘ten as-piece’) = 4 s
Page 23 and 24: 2 The Roman Army benefits are still
Page 25 and 26: 4 The Roman Army military as well a
Page 27 and 28: 6 The Roman Army The defeat of Cart
Page 29 and 30: 8 The Roman Army who supplied caval
Page 31 and 32: 10 The Roman Army career seemed mos
Page 33 and 34: 12 The Roman Army in a recruit, you
Page 35 and 36: 14 The Roman Army thanks to the lor
Page 37 and 38: 16 The Roman Army should keep in st
Page 39 and 40: 18 The Roman Army more impartial th
Page 41 and 42: 20 The Roman Army speedily. The rem
Page 43 and 44: 22 The Roman Army I paid monetary r
Page 45 and 46: 24 The Roman Army hay 10 drachmas f
Page 47 and 48: 26 The Roman Army I have received a
Page 49 and 50: 28 The Roman Army from having more
Page 51 and 52: 30 The Roman Army 34 Speidel 1980:7
Page 53 and 54: 32 The Roman Army 40 ILS 2442, insc
Page 55 and 56: 34 The Roman Army units were now be
Page 57 and 58: 36 The Roman Army and I have alread
Page 59 and 60: 38 The Roman Army heirs, set this u
Page 61 and 62: 40 The Roman Army 63 CIL 6. 2725=IL
Page 63 and 64: 42 The Roman Army principalis, acti
Page 65 and 66: 44 The Roman Army 77 CIL 6. 2896=IL
Page 67 and 68: 2 The officers CENTURIONS Centurion
Page 69: 48 The Roman Army The emperor was u
Page 73 and 74: 52 The Roman Army of Legion III Aug
Page 75 and 76: 54 The Roman Army tribune of the fi
Page 77 and 78: 56 The Roman Army Aurelius Harpocra
Page 79 and 80: 58 The Roman Army Cornelius Minicia
Page 81 and 82: 60 The Roman Army officer for Egypt
Page 83 and 84: 62 The Roman Army Furthermore, an e
Page 85 and 86: 64 The Roman Army probably formed d
Page 87 and 88: 66 The Roman Army Moesia, legate of
Page 89 and 90: 3 The Emperor as commander-in-chief
Page 91 and 92: 70 The Roman Army to restrain thems
Page 93 and 94: 72 The Roman Army 127 Josephus (1st
Page 95 and 96: 74 The Roman Army Cornelius Fronto
Page 97 and 98: 76 The Roman Army his tribunician p
Page 99 and 100: 78 The Roman Army Lucius, in the si
Page 101 and 102: 1 Ti. Claudius Maximus Source: Kava
Page 103 and 104: 3 Trajan as commander-in-chief Sour
Page 105 and 106: 8 The Roman siege ramp at Masada Ph
Page 107 and 108: 11 The Mithraeum at Carrawburgh on
Page 109 and 110: 14 Bronze diploma—exterior faces
Page 111 and 112: 18 Bronze diploma—exterior face w
Page 113 and 114: 80 The Roman Army Figure 1 Legionar
Page 115 and 116: 82 The Roman Army fighting at the c
Page 117 and 118: 84 The Roman Army the other legions
Page 119 and 120: Figure 3 The disposition of the leg
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88 The Roman Army outside the fort
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90 The Roman Army advisers, will ha
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92 The Roman Army guards and mounte
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94 The Roman Army period of imperia
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96 The Roman Army being able to str
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98 The Roman Army (Section 16) The
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100 The Roman Army against archers,
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102 The Roman Army (see Plate 8), t
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104 The Roman Army the cohort menti
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106 The Roman Army the wishes of Em
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108 The Roman Army 177 D 49. 16. 3.
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5 The army in peacetime MILITARY LI
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112 The Roman Army do whatever may
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114 The Roman Army This is probably
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116 The Roman Army For the date and
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118 The Roman Army Thiadices, who s
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120 The Roman Army 190 P. Dura 60B,
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122 The Roman Army of that communit
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124 The Roman Army identified as br
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126 The Roman Army The town of Sald
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128 The Roman Army for the eternity
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130 The Roman Army [7] September [
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132 The Roman Army Although Tertull
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134 The Roman Army 220 CIL 3. 11082
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136 The Roman Army Cocidius was a C
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138 The Roman Army the names of Get
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6 The army, the local community, an
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142 The Roman Army informal adminis
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144 The Roman Army either military
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146 The Roman Army Two legions were
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148 The Roman Army the Medes, in th
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150 The Roman Army [ _ _ _ ] Centur
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152 The Roman Army provision for th
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154 The Roman Army Longinia, had be
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156 The Roman Army opinion I gave y
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158 The Roman Army property in acco
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160 The Roman Army the will. His so
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162 The Roman Army did make his wil
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164 The Roman Army In Roman law eve
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166 The Roman Army from home. Soldi
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168 The Roman Army 277 CJ 12. 33(34
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170 The Roman Army Published on 15
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172 The Roman Army solution, becaus
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174 The Roman Army ask that you sho
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176 The Roman Army The reference to
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178 The Roman Army with his own edi
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180 The Roman Army of passing trave
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182 The Roman Army The Roman empero
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184 The Roman Army foreseen. Or was
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186 The Roman Army the undivided su
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188 The Roman Army name a figure of
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190 The Roman Army disgraceful and
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192 The Roman Army only explicit re
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194 The Roman Army Rome) even thoug
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196 The Roman Army grandson of Germ
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198 The Roman Army and (13) first T
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200 The Roman Army the fatherland,
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202 The Roman Army from your affirm
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204 The Roman Army honourably disch
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206 The Roman Army 337 FIRA 3. 171=
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208 The Roman Army (Fourth hand) (S
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210 The Roman Army service in the c
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212 The Roman Army colonies, or del
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214 The Roman Army Augustus himself
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216 The Roman Army 349 CIL 16. 13=M
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218 The Roman Army main roads did n
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220 The Roman Army 357 ILS 9085, in
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222 The Roman Army and Vergil in Ec
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224 The Roman Army you who are aliv
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226 The Roman Army 367 AE 1974. 283
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228 The Roman Army 374 ILS 9400, in
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230 The Roman Army considerable pro
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232 The Roman Army military organiz
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234 The Roman Army recruitment and
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236 The Roman Army Domitius Aurelia
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238 The Roman Army on the emperor (
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240 The Roman Army This rescript is
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242 The Roman Army peaceful repose
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244 The Roman Army in respect of on
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246 The Roman Army the soldiers, an
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248 The Roman Army (Alexander) gave
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Select bibliography Alföldy, G.. (
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252 Select bibliography Duncan-Jone
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254 Select bibliography Marsden, E.
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Index of translated passages LITERA
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258 Index of translated passages 24
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Index of names and subjects Promine
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266 Index of names and subjects Ces
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268 Index of names and subjects Gro
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270 Index of names and subjects Pat
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272 Index of names and subjects Vel
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The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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