The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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The army in peacetime 131 of cavalry bodyguards of the emperor, whose names have been carved on the sides, happily and willingly set up this marble statue with its own base, in the consulship of Emperor Antoninus Augustus for the second time and Bruttius Praesens for the second time, on 1 March, under Petronius Mamertinus and Gavius Maximus, praetorian prefects, and (V)alerius (?) Maximus, tribune, and the centurions and trainers Flavius Ingenuus, Julius Certus, Ulpius Agrippa, Valerius Bassus; these soldiers began their military service in the consulship of Vopiscus and Hasta (AD 114). The names of thirty-nine soldiers are carved on the sides of the base. The genius was the male spirit or inherent power of an individual which ensured the continuity and development of the family as represented by the paterfamilias. Reverence was paid to the genius of the emperor as the great protector who sustained the whole Roman state. This worship could be combined with the genius of various parts of the army, and the proliferation of worship of the genii of associations of junior officers and military institutions suggests that it was spontaneous and not organized from the top (Speidel 1978a). 209 CIL 7. 1030=RIB 1262, inscription, Bremenium (High Rochester), Britain, 3rd C.AD To the Genius of our lord and of the standards of the first cohort of Vardulli and the Gordian unit of scouts from Bremenium, Egnatius Lucilianus, legate of the emperor, (set this up), under the charge of Cassius Sabinianus, tribune. Lucilianus was governor of Lower Britain c. AD 238/41. 210 CIL 3. 6577=ILS 2290, inscription, Egypt To the holy Genius of the legion and of my splendid fellow-soldiers, Quintus Caecilius Kalendinus, orderly (optio), set this up. 211 ILS 4920=RIB 152, inscription, Aquae Sulis (Bath), Britain, 2nd (?) C.AD This holy place which had been destroyed by arrogant action, Gaius Severius Emeritus, centurion of the region, cleaned up and restored to the Virtue and Spirit (Numen) of the Emperor. 212 Tertullian (2nd–3rd C.AD), Apologeticus 16. 8 Among the Romans, the entire basis of the religious life of soldiers is to worship the military standards, swear by the standards, and place the standards ahead of all other gods.
132 The Roman Army Although Tertullian may be exaggerating, he is right to emphasize the emotional symbolism of military standards. Probably from the time of Marius, the eagle represented the continuity and identity of individual legions, and to lose it in battle was considered a great disgrace. It was made of gold or silver-gilt and resided in a small chapel in the legionary camp, with the other military standards (perhaps one for each cohort), and the portraits of the emperor. The standards were objects of almost religious veneration, and in this shrine men could indeed seek sanctuary; here too the camp bank was located under the care of the standard-bearers (Vegetius, 2. 20). The principal festival in honour of the eagle was the natalis aquilae which celebrated the day on which the legion had been established. The Feriale Duranum (see text no. 207) mentions the Rosaliae signorum, which may however be an adaptation of a civil festival to suit a martial environment. It is significant that statues and portraits of the imperial family, which were a prominent feature of camp life, were closely associated with the eagles and standards. The statue represented the emperor himself, the embodiment of the loyalty and devotion of the army, and to tear down his portrait was tantamount to rebellion (see Campbell 1984:96–9). 213 Dio (2nd–3rd C.AD), 40. 18 The so-called eagle refers in fact to a small shrine and in it is placed a golden eagle. This is established in all the regular legions and is never moved from winter quarters unless the whole army marches out. One man carries it on a long pole which tapers to a sharp spike so that it can be fixed in the ground. 214 Tacitus (1st–2nd C.AD), Annals 2. 17 (Germanicus leads the Roman attack on the Cherusci.) Then a splendid portent attracted the commander’s attention as eight eagles were observed to make for the woods and enter them; he shouted that the army should advance and follow the birds of Rome, the legions’ very own spirits. 215 Tacitus, Annals 1. 39 (The mutinous German legions attempt to murder the senator, Munatius Plancus.) In his moment of danger the only place of refuge was the camp of the first legion. There he grasped the standards and the eagle and sought safety in the protection of the gods. But if the eagle-bearer Calpurnius had not defended him from murderous attack, an envoy of the Roman people, in a Roman military camp, would have stained the
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The Roman Army, 31 BC-AD 337 The Ro
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First published 1994 by Routledge 1
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Contents List of plates ix List of
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Plates 1 Ti. Claudius Maximus 2 Cen
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Preface and acknowledgements The Ro
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Abbreviations AE L’Année épigra
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P. S. I. Pubblicazioni della societ
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Emperors from Augustus to Constanti
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denarius (‘ten as-piece’) = 4 s
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2 The Roman Army benefits are still
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4 The Roman Army military as well a
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6 The Roman Army The defeat of Cart
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8 The Roman Army who supplied caval
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10 The Roman Army career seemed mos
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12 The Roman Army in a recruit, you
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14 The Roman Army thanks to the lor
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16 The Roman Army should keep in st
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18 The Roman Army more impartial th
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20 The Roman Army speedily. The rem
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22 The Roman Army I paid monetary r
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24 The Roman Army hay 10 drachmas f
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26 The Roman Army I have received a
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28 The Roman Army from having more
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30 The Roman Army 34 Speidel 1980:7
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32 The Roman Army 40 ILS 2442, insc
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34 The Roman Army units were now be
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36 The Roman Army and I have alread
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38 The Roman Army heirs, set this u
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40 The Roman Army 63 CIL 6. 2725=IL
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42 The Roman Army principalis, acti
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44 The Roman Army 77 CIL 6. 2896=IL
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2 The officers CENTURIONS Centurion
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48 The Roman Army The emperor was u
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50 The Roman Army to Numidia, and f
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52 The Roman Army of Legion III Aug
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54 The Roman Army tribune of the fi
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56 The Roman Army Aurelius Harpocra
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58 The Roman Army Cornelius Minicia
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60 The Roman Army officer for Egypt
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62 The Roman Army Furthermore, an e
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64 The Roman Army probably formed d
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66 The Roman Army Moesia, legate of
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3 The Emperor as commander-in-chief
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70 The Roman Army to restrain thems
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72 The Roman Army 127 Josephus (1st
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74 The Roman Army Cornelius Fronto
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76 The Roman Army his tribunician p
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78 The Roman Army Lucius, in the si
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1 Ti. Claudius Maximus Source: Kava
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3 Trajan as commander-in-chief Sour
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8 The Roman siege ramp at Masada Ph
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11 The Mithraeum at Carrawburgh on
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14 Bronze diploma—exterior faces
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18 Bronze diploma—exterior face w
Page 113 and 114: 80 The Roman Army Figure 1 Legionar
Page 115 and 116: 82 The Roman Army fighting at the c
Page 117 and 118: 84 The Roman Army the other legions
Page 119 and 120: Figure 3 The disposition of the leg
Page 121 and 122: 88 The Roman Army outside the fort
Page 123 and 124: 90 The Roman Army advisers, will ha
Page 125 and 126: 92 The Roman Army guards and mounte
Page 127 and 128: 94 The Roman Army period of imperia
Page 129 and 130: 96 The Roman Army being able to str
Page 131 and 132: 98 The Roman Army (Section 16) The
Page 133 and 134: 100 The Roman Army against archers,
Page 135 and 136: 102 The Roman Army (see Plate 8), t
Page 137 and 138: 104 The Roman Army the cohort menti
Page 139 and 140: 106 The Roman Army the wishes of Em
Page 141 and 142: 108 The Roman Army 177 D 49. 16. 3.
Page 143 and 144: 5 The army in peacetime MILITARY LI
Page 145 and 146: 112 The Roman Army do whatever may
Page 147 and 148: 114 The Roman Army This is probably
Page 149 and 150: 116 The Roman Army For the date and
Page 151 and 152: 118 The Roman Army Thiadices, who s
Page 153 and 154: 120 The Roman Army 190 P. Dura 60B,
Page 155 and 156: 122 The Roman Army of that communit
Page 157 and 158: 124 The Roman Army identified as br
Page 159 and 160: 126 The Roman Army The town of Sald
Page 161 and 162: 128 The Roman Army for the eternity
Page 163: 130 The Roman Army [7] September [
Page 167 and 168: 134 The Roman Army 220 CIL 3. 11082
Page 169 and 170: 136 The Roman Army Cocidius was a C
Page 171 and 172: 138 The Roman Army the names of Get
Page 173 and 174: 6 The army, the local community, an
Page 175 and 176: 142 The Roman Army informal adminis
Page 177 and 178: 144 The Roman Army either military
Page 179 and 180: 146 The Roman Army Two legions were
Page 181 and 182: 148 The Roman Army the Medes, in th
Page 183 and 184: 150 The Roman Army [ _ _ _ ] Centur
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Page 187 and 188: 154 The Roman Army Longinia, had be
Page 189 and 190: 156 The Roman Army opinion I gave y
Page 191 and 192: 158 The Roman Army property in acco
Page 193 and 194: 160 The Roman Army the will. His so
Page 195 and 196: 162 The Roman Army did make his wil
Page 197 and 198: 164 The Roman Army In Roman law eve
Page 199 and 200: 166 The Roman Army from home. Soldi
Page 201 and 202: 168 The Roman Army 277 CJ 12. 33(34
Page 203 and 204: 170 The Roman Army Published on 15
Page 205 and 206: 172 The Roman Army solution, becaus
Page 207 and 208: 174 The Roman Army ask that you sho
Page 209 and 210: 176 The Roman Army The reference to
Page 211 and 212: 178 The Roman Army with his own edi
Page 213 and 214: 180 The Roman Army of passing trave
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182 The Roman Army The Roman empero
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184 The Roman Army foreseen. Or was
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186 The Roman Army the undivided su
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188 The Roman Army name a figure of
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190 The Roman Army disgraceful and
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192 The Roman Army only explicit re
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194 The Roman Army Rome) even thoug
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196 The Roman Army grandson of Germ
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198 The Roman Army and (13) first T
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200 The Roman Army the fatherland,
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202 The Roman Army from your affirm
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204 The Roman Army honourably disch
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206 The Roman Army 337 FIRA 3. 171=
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208 The Roman Army (Fourth hand) (S
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210 The Roman Army service in the c
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212 The Roman Army colonies, or del
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214 The Roman Army Augustus himself
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216 The Roman Army 349 CIL 16. 13=M
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218 The Roman Army main roads did n
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220 The Roman Army 357 ILS 9085, in
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222 The Roman Army and Vergil in Ec
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224 The Roman Army you who are aliv
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226 The Roman Army 367 AE 1974. 283
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228 The Roman Army 374 ILS 9400, in
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230 The Roman Army considerable pro
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232 The Roman Army military organiz
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234 The Roman Army recruitment and
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236 The Roman Army Domitius Aurelia
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238 The Roman Army on the emperor (
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240 The Roman Army This rescript is
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242 The Roman Army peaceful repose
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244 The Roman Army in respect of on
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246 The Roman Army the soldiers, an
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248 The Roman Army (Alexander) gave
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Select bibliography Alföldy, G.. (
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252 Select bibliography Duncan-Jone
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254 Select bibliography Marsden, E.
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Index of translated passages LITERA
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258 Index of translated passages 24
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Index of names and subjects Promine
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266 Index of names and subjects Ces
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268 Index of names and subjects Gro
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270 Index of names and subjects Pat
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272 Index of names and subjects Vel
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The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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