The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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The Emperor as commander-in-chief 69 command of the army and their popularity with the soldiers as protection against revolt (Campbell 1984:17–156; chapter 7 this volume; significance of the emperor’s public image—Zanker 1988). THE EMPEROR WITH HIS TROOPS 118 Epictetus (1st–2nd C.AD), Discourses, 1. 14. 15 For they (the soldiers), on entering military service, swear an oath to value the safety of the emperor above everything… 119 Suetonius (1st–2nd C.AD), Augustus 25. 1 After the civil wars he (Augustus) did not address any of the soldiers as ‘comrades’ in either speeches or edicts, but always ‘soldiers’, and indeed did not permit any other form of address to be used even by his sons or stepsons who held military commands. For he thought that the former term was too flattering for the demands of military discipline, the peaceful nature of the times, and his own majesty and that of his house. It is not clear when the term ‘comrades’ was first employed after this in public documents or speeches, but it was in common use during the civil wars of AD 68/69, and thereafter was the normal mode of address. In instructions issued to provincial governors about the wills of soldiers, Trajan speaks of the justness of his feelings for his ‘excellent and outstandingly loyal fellow-soldiers’ (text no. 263). 120 Dio (2nd–3rd C.AD), 56. 42 The senate and the equestrian order, their wives, the praetorians, and virtually all the others who were present in the city at that time, attended and participated in the funeral ceremony (of Augustus). When the body had been placed on the pyre in the Campus Martius, first all the priests walked round it, then the equestrians, both those belonging to the order and the others, and then the praetorian guardsmen ran round it and threw onto it all the military decorations which any of them had ever received from him for bravery. Then, as the senate had decreed, the centurions lifted their torches and set fire to the pyre from underneath. 121 Velleius Paterculus (1st C.BC–1st C.AD), 2. 104 At the sight of him (Tiberius) there were tears of joy from the soldiers as they ran up to him and welcomed him with tremendous and unprecedented enthusiasm, eagerly taking him by the hand and unable
70 The Roman Army to restrain themselves from blurting out: ‘Is it really you that we see, general? Have we got you back safely?’ ‘I served with you in Armenia, general’.‘ And I was in Raetia’. ‘I received military decorations from you in Vindelicia’. ‘And I in Pannonia’. ‘And I in Germany’. It is difficult to express this adequately in words and indeed it may seem incredible. Velleius was a friend of the imperial family and his successful equestrian career culminated in the acquisition of senatorial rank and eventual election to a praetorship. His description here of the return of Tiberius to take command of the German legions in AD 4 is doubtless exaggerated, but nevertheless Tiberius had a reputation for looking after his men well and for sharing the rigours of military life, and the enthusiasm of the troops was probably genuine. Later, Tiberius tried to exploit his comradeship with the army by reminding the mutinous Pannonian legions that ‘he himself had an outstanding concern for the courageous legions in whose company he had endured numerous campaigns’ (Tacitus, Ann. 1. 25). 122 Dio, 69. 9 So that the soldiers should be inspired by watching him (Hadrian) everywhere, he adhered to a rigorous lifestyle, walked or rode on every occasion, and never during this period mounted a chariot or a fourwheeled cart. He did not cover his head in hot or cold weather, but went about bare-headed in the snows of Germany and in the heat of Egypt. For Hadrian’s personal conduct when visiting the army see also Historia Augusta, Life of Hadrian, 10. 2. Vespasian (Tacitus, Hist. 2. 5), Trajan (Dio, 68. 8; no. 131), and the Severans (texts nos 123–4) had a similar reputation. By the second century an emperor on campaign was expected to behave as a ‘fellow-soldier’. 123 Herodian (2nd–3rd C.AD), 2. 11 He (Septimius Severus) shared the hardships of the soldiers, using a cheap tent and taking the same food and drink as he knew was available to everyone. He never exhibited any trappings of imperial luxury. Therefore he won even greater approval from his fellow-soldiers. They respected the fact that he not only joined personally in all their toils but also was the first to start any job, and therefore carried out all their duties enthusiastically. Cf. Herodian 3. 6; Dio, 74. 15. 124 Dio, 77. 13 In essential and urgent campaigns, however, he (Caracalla) was temperate and unaffected, and performed menial tasks enthusiastically
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The Roman Army, 31 BC-AD 337 The Ro
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First published 1994 by Routledge 1
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Contents List of plates ix List of
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Plates 1 Ti. Claudius Maximus 2 Cen
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Preface and acknowledgements The Ro
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Abbreviations AE L’Année épigra
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P. S. I. Pubblicazioni della societ
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Emperors from Augustus to Constanti
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denarius (‘ten as-piece’) = 4 s
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2 The Roman Army benefits are still
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4 The Roman Army military as well a
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6 The Roman Army The defeat of Cart
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8 The Roman Army who supplied caval
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10 The Roman Army career seemed mos
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12 The Roman Army in a recruit, you
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14 The Roman Army thanks to the lor
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16 The Roman Army should keep in st
Page 39 and 40: 18 The Roman Army more impartial th
Page 41 and 42: 20 The Roman Army speedily. The rem
Page 43 and 44: 22 The Roman Army I paid monetary r
Page 45 and 46: 24 The Roman Army hay 10 drachmas f
Page 47 and 48: 26 The Roman Army I have received a
Page 49 and 50: 28 The Roman Army from having more
Page 51 and 52: 30 The Roman Army 34 Speidel 1980:7
Page 53 and 54: 32 The Roman Army 40 ILS 2442, insc
Page 55 and 56: 34 The Roman Army units were now be
Page 57 and 58: 36 The Roman Army and I have alread
Page 59 and 60: 38 The Roman Army heirs, set this u
Page 61 and 62: 40 The Roman Army 63 CIL 6. 2725=IL
Page 63 and 64: 42 The Roman Army principalis, acti
Page 65 and 66: 44 The Roman Army 77 CIL 6. 2896=IL
Page 67 and 68: 2 The officers CENTURIONS Centurion
Page 69 and 70: 48 The Roman Army The emperor was u
Page 71 and 72: 50 The Roman Army to Numidia, and f
Page 73 and 74: 52 The Roman Army of Legion III Aug
Page 75 and 76: 54 The Roman Army tribune of the fi
Page 77 and 78: 56 The Roman Army Aurelius Harpocra
Page 79 and 80: 58 The Roman Army Cornelius Minicia
Page 81 and 82: 60 The Roman Army officer for Egypt
Page 83 and 84: 62 The Roman Army Furthermore, an e
Page 85 and 86: 64 The Roman Army probably formed d
Page 87 and 88: 66 The Roman Army Moesia, legate of
Page 89: 3 The Emperor as commander-in-chief
Page 93 and 94: 72 The Roman Army 127 Josephus (1st
Page 95 and 96: 74 The Roman Army Cornelius Fronto
Page 97 and 98: 76 The Roman Army his tribunician p
Page 99 and 100: 78 The Roman Army Lucius, in the si
Page 101 and 102: 1 Ti. Claudius Maximus Source: Kava
Page 103 and 104: 3 Trajan as commander-in-chief Sour
Page 105 and 106: 8 The Roman siege ramp at Masada Ph
Page 107 and 108: 11 The Mithraeum at Carrawburgh on
Page 109 and 110: 14 Bronze diploma—exterior faces
Page 111 and 112: 18 Bronze diploma—exterior face w
Page 113 and 114: 80 The Roman Army Figure 1 Legionar
Page 115 and 116: 82 The Roman Army fighting at the c
Page 117 and 118: 84 The Roman Army the other legions
Page 119 and 120: Figure 3 The disposition of the leg
Page 121 and 122: 88 The Roman Army outside the fort
Page 123 and 124: 90 The Roman Army advisers, will ha
Page 125 and 126: 92 The Roman Army guards and mounte
Page 127 and 128: 94 The Roman Army period of imperia
Page 129 and 130: 96 The Roman Army being able to str
Page 131 and 132: 98 The Roman Army (Section 16) The
Page 133 and 134: 100 The Roman Army against archers,
Page 135 and 136: 102 The Roman Army (see Plate 8), t
Page 137 and 138: 104 The Roman Army the cohort menti
Page 139 and 140: 106 The Roman Army the wishes of Em
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108 The Roman Army 177 D 49. 16. 3.
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5 The army in peacetime MILITARY LI
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112 The Roman Army do whatever may
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114 The Roman Army This is probably
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116 The Roman Army For the date and
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118 The Roman Army Thiadices, who s
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120 The Roman Army 190 P. Dura 60B,
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122 The Roman Army of that communit
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124 The Roman Army identified as br
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126 The Roman Army The town of Sald
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128 The Roman Army for the eternity
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130 The Roman Army [7] September [
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132 The Roman Army Although Tertull
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134 The Roman Army 220 CIL 3. 11082
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136 The Roman Army Cocidius was a C
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138 The Roman Army the names of Get
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6 The army, the local community, an
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142 The Roman Army informal adminis
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144 The Roman Army either military
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146 The Roman Army Two legions were
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148 The Roman Army the Medes, in th
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150 The Roman Army [ _ _ _ ] Centur
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152 The Roman Army provision for th
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154 The Roman Army Longinia, had be
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156 The Roman Army opinion I gave y
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158 The Roman Army property in acco
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160 The Roman Army the will. His so
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162 The Roman Army did make his wil
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164 The Roman Army In Roman law eve
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166 The Roman Army from home. Soldi
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168 The Roman Army 277 CJ 12. 33(34
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170 The Roman Army Published on 15
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172 The Roman Army solution, becaus
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174 The Roman Army ask that you sho
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176 The Roman Army The reference to
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178 The Roman Army with his own edi
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180 The Roman Army of passing trave
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182 The Roman Army The Roman empero
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184 The Roman Army foreseen. Or was
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186 The Roman Army the undivided su
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188 The Roman Army name a figure of
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190 The Roman Army disgraceful and
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192 The Roman Army only explicit re
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194 The Roman Army Rome) even thoug
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196 The Roman Army grandson of Germ
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198 The Roman Army and (13) first T
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200 The Roman Army the fatherland,
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202 The Roman Army from your affirm
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204 The Roman Army honourably disch
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206 The Roman Army 337 FIRA 3. 171=
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208 The Roman Army (Fourth hand) (S
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210 The Roman Army service in the c
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212 The Roman Army colonies, or del
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214 The Roman Army Augustus himself
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216 The Roman Army 349 CIL 16. 13=M
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218 The Roman Army main roads did n
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220 The Roman Army 357 ILS 9085, in
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222 The Roman Army and Vergil in Ec
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224 The Roman Army you who are aliv
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226 The Roman Army 367 AE 1974. 283
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228 The Roman Army 374 ILS 9400, in
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230 The Roman Army considerable pro
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232 The Roman Army military organiz
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234 The Roman Army recruitment and
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236 The Roman Army Domitius Aurelia
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238 The Roman Army on the emperor (
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240 The Roman Army This rescript is
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242 The Roman Army peaceful repose
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244 The Roman Army in respect of on
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246 The Roman Army the soldiers, an
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248 The Roman Army (Alexander) gave
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Select bibliography Alföldy, G.. (
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252 Select bibliography Duncan-Jone
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254 Select bibliography Marsden, E.
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Index of translated passages LITERA
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258 Index of translated passages 24
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Index of names and subjects Promine
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266 Index of names and subjects Ces
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268 Index of names and subjects Gro
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270 Index of names and subjects Pat
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272 Index of names and subjects Vel
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The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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