An Unexplored Realm in the Heartland of the Southern Gulf ... - Famsi

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Profile 6B suggest a low platform-like structure with a series of compacted red sand floors that are associated with the original pre-Olmec occupation location. Profile 7A demonstrates more substantial and complex construction efforts that occurred between the Early and Late Formative periods (c. 900-300 BC), based on the deposition of chronologically diagnostic ceramics. A series of superimposed constructions indicate four major construction events that are separated by thick lines of compacted red sand. The uppermost feature, identified as Levels II, IIa, and III in Profile 7A, represent a series of disturbed floors. Below this feature is a 20 to 30 cm thick layer made up of a mixture of rose colored semi-compacted sand and an ash-like, possibly volcanic, substance. This material is not natural to this location and would have had to have been intentionally mixed and deposited here. The thickness of the layer is relatively uniform and extends beyond the profile a few meters to the south and into Field 6 to the north. Another red sand line marks the lower border of this feature. Below is Level V, another relatively uniform layer, around 30 cm thick, that contains less ash and sand than the level above but has river gravel mixed into the aggregate, a material not found in the upper level constructions. Level VI is a layer of mixed and modified sand and gravel with portions of burned clay that may represent a floor. A diachronic analysis of the deposition of chronologically diagnostic ceramics indicates that the lower two levels, V and VI, were constructed during the Early Formative period. Level IV contains no definitive ceramics and the multiple intrusions may have moved diagnostic material; this level is attributed to sometime between the Early and Late Formative. The upper levels were constructed and modified during the Late Formative and possibly early Protoclassic period according to ceramic deposits. 256
Evidence of these constructions is also present on the surface. Results of the topographic mapping survey indicate a raised circular area at the location of the pre- Olmec ceramic deposition (Figure 6.1). Structure 111 is also clearly defined in the topographic image immediately to the south. A ramp-like appendage appears to extend north northwest from Structure 111 directly toward the slightly elevated circular mound containing the pre-Olmec ceramic deposit. Examination of the alignment of Structure 111, its ramp, and the circular building shows that the directional axis of these buildings is oriented to 18.5º west of magnetic north. Further observations on the significance of this directional alignment are discussed in the Site Planning and Concepts of Directionality section below. Figure 6.1 Contour map illustrating location of Structure 111, Pre-Olmec ceramic deposits, and the Olmec throne 257
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An Unexplored Realm in the Heartlan
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“Note to Reader” The original o
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Confederacy Model 39 Feudalistic Mo
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Elemental Analysis of the Soils fro
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The Initial Occupation of El Marque
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List of Tables Table 5.1. Ceramic C
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Figure 3.14. Plan view of the Olmec
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Figure 5.7. Site map illustrating l
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Figure 5.53. El Marquesillo throne
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the resulting data do not fit many
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Furtherance of my academic career w
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Introduction Chapter 1. Archaeology
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esearch being conducted along the S
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its introduction to Mesoamerican ar
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participants. It is especially crit
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interpretations. Finally, I compare
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analogy (Diehl 1989:25; VanDerwarke
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change, fluctuates according to “
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embedded misconceptions about these
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The “Heartland” has been deline
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than a century after their occurren
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inference as opposed to evidence. T
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Sanders and Webster (1988:544) argu
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Park (1992:90) presents the Olmec a
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lowland subsistence economy until a
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Maya are lineal descendents of the
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continued to inhibit scientific inq
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describes this attempted conformanc
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The models used for evaluation of t
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number of archaeological correlates
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Confederacy Model Pool (2000:150;20
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Limitations and Cautions in the Use
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Lorenzo is considered the earliest
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Several lines of evidence suggest a
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turn, gave budding Olmec leaders co
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apid growth of settlements and thei
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techniques (Berger et al. 1967; Hei
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appear to characterize it as a “c
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iconographic detail, and appear to
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Formative period Southern Gulf Lowl
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Medellín-Zeníl (1960) found large
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de Agua, and the famous, iconograph
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egarding subsistence, settlement, p
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Introduction Chapter 3. El Marquesi
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300-900). Historical documentation
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The features of the San Juan are ch
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Figure 3.4. Aerial photograph of El
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At each of these three points of co
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El Marquesillo’s geographic locat
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of the location for more than 3,500
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The extensive Villa Alta architectu
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of constructions. This formal archi
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To achieve and maintain this elevat
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Figure 3.11. Map of the Southern Gu
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Teotihuacán and Aztec trade routes
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land was not in the form of gold an
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Huaspaltepec (Playa Vicente), betwe
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as listed in these records, include
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community members had to work the l
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The 1944 flood was a momentous even
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of ancient structures, including Ce
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to recover as much information as p
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Figure 3.17. Photograph of El Seño
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collection along the cut bank was a
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its termination line (Borstein 2001
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Figure 3.18. Illustration of San Lo
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is seated transitionally between th
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Introduction Chapter 4. El Marquesi
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Grove 1997; Tolstoy 1989). Landscap
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Determination of the Survey Area Th
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Surface Mapping and Terrain Modelin
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Global Positioning System (GPS) Map
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Figure 4.4. Map of El Marquesillo g
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have the potential to record points
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The topographic images and terrain
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Figure 4.8. Digital Terrain Model o
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Figure 4.11. View to the east of lo
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The western third of the platform h
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Figure 4.15. Elevated view of Field
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Figure 4.17. Topographic map of El
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Figure 4.19. Northwest view of spri
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Information Systems (GIS) approach
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Figure 4.21. Illustration of docume
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Magnetic Properties of Basalt The m
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Magnetic Data Collection, Condition
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The magnetometer was set to the bas
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Figure 4.23. Topographical base map
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of basalt, but instead, a body of s
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Figure 4.25. Topographic contour ma
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mercuric sulfide in the soil. There
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Coyote, Honduras (Terry et al. 2000
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intersection on the numbered rows a
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The results were reported in parts
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Figure 4.28b. Box plot summaries of
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Elemental Analysis of the Soils fro
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Summary of the Soil Analyses When t
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Figure 4.31a. Potassium distributio
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estriction prohibiting further exca
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The average depth of any observed a
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Figure 5.7. Site map illustrating l
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Figure 5.8. River cut profile 1A Le
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Figure 5.9. River cut profile 1B in
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Figure 5.10. River cut profile 2A L
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Figure 5.11. River cut profile 6B o
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Formative to Protoclassic ceramics
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fabrication methods, technologies,
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some of the Formative period wares
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The San Lorenzo Olmec Period (c. 11
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Figure 5.19. Examples of Middle For
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The Late Classic Period (c. AD 550-
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English annular ware (c. AD 1785-18
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Ceramic Collection Areas The identi
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Figure 5.26. Distribution of cerami
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Page 229 and 230: The survey was conducted along the
Page 231 and 232: Figure 5.29. Diagram of Olmec thron
Page 233 and 234: Figure 5.30. Map illustrating the l
Page 235 and 236: Late Formative (263), Protoclassic
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Page 239 and 240: Offering I Figure 5.32. Locations o
Page 241 and 242: Figure 5.34. Offering I is at the c
Page 243 and 244: Figure 5.36. Two reconstructed plat
Page 245 and 246: crescent with its concave and conve
Page 247 and 248: The two figurine types are common t
Page 249 and 250: vessels that were deposited into a
Page 251 and 252: Figure 5.45. Two of three similar s
Page 253 and 254: Obsidian and Lithic Analyses The Ob
Page 255 and 256: Throne Units Test Units Offerings I
Page 257 and 258: inhabitants from other sites, or in
Page 259 and 260: Figure 5.50. Examples of stones tho
Page 261 and 262: Figure 5.51. El Marquesillo throne
Page 263 and 264: accomplished through violent blows
Page 265 and 266: Figure 5.56. Close-up of the figure
Page 267 and 268: Figure 5.58. Illustration of magnet
Page 269 and 270: Modifications to this pattern occur
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Page 277: The Early Formative period appearan
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Page 283 and 284: For the Gulf Olmec, monumental exhi
Page 285 and 286: precisely. This method would also m
Page 287 and 288: An earlier discussion suggested sty
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Page 291 and 292: Nevertheless, the structural design
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Page 295 and 296: 6.3). At La Venta equivalent basalt
Page 297 and 298: shamanistic ritual and rulership (F
Page 299 and 300: elevation provides an excellent ove
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Page 303 and 304: Also contributing to the ceramic pr
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Page 309 and 310: direction, a series of hills approx
Page 311 and 312: Finally, the selection and investig
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Page 319 and 320: where new diagnostic ceramic types
Page 321 and 322: Understanding of the early Postclas
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Page 327 and 328: Marquesillo, past and present. Fitt
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Through the integration of a sequen
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experienced an upward trend in popu
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prehispanic occupation would have b
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Assmann (2006) argues that prehisto
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1997:288). These changes in residen
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structures that could provide long-
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Analysis of these three components
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Early architectural units, specific
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activities and that these activitie
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political structure. Was it an inde
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subordinate to a nearby primary cen
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Explanation of Spatial Organization
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conjunction with other forms of arc
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Mesoamerican worldviews (Vogt 1981:
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Expanding the Boundaries and a Look
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to illustrate their power and wealt
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emains is striking. This disproport
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the earliest detectable occupation
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and Uxpanapa River Basins, I wonder
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Arnaiz-Villena, A., G. Vargas-Alarc
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Bassie, K. 2006 The Fire and Water
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Blake, M. and J. E. Clark 1999 The
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Butler, R. F. 1992 Paleomagnetism:
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2001 Gulf Lowlands: South Region. I
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Coe, M. D., D. Snow and E. Benson 1
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2003 Laguna de los Cerros: Una Capi
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2003 Analysis of Formative Period O
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Elachi, C. 1987 Introduction to the
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Foster, G. M. 1940 Notes on the Pop
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2001 La Venta, Tabasco, Mexico. In
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Halbwachs, M. 1992 On Collective Me
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Hester, T. R., H. J. Shafer and K.
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Johnston, K. J. and N. Gonlin 1998
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Kruger, R. P. 1996 An Archaeologica
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Madry, S. L. H. 1987 A Multiscalar
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Middleton, W. D. 2004 Identifying C
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Ortíz, P. 1975 La Ceramica de los
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Plog, S. 1990 Agriculture, Sedentis
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Rapoport, A. 1990 History and Prece
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Rueda, H. G. 1989 Nuevas Exploracio
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Santley, R. S., S. A. Nelson, B. K.
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1989 Olmec Studies: A Status Report
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Stark, B. L. and P. J. Arnold 1997
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Tarling, D. H. 1983 Geomagnetism. C
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Tykot, R. H. 2004 Stable Isotopes a
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Wallerstein, I. 1974 The Modern Wor
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2003 The Role of Kinship and Demogr
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Appendix 1a. Ceramic Analysis: Type
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Appendix 1b. Ceramic Analysis: Type
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Appendix 2. Ceramic Types and Count
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Appendix 2 Ceramic Types and Counts
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Appendix 3a. Obsidian from Test Uni
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Appendix 3b. Obsidian from Throne E
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Appendix 4a. Lithics from Surface C
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Appendix 4b. Lithics from River Cut
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Appendix 5a. Soil Survey I Element
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Appendix 5a. Soil Survey I Element
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Appendix 5b. Soil Survey II Element
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Appendix 5b. Soil Survey II Element
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About the Author Travis F. Doering
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An Unexplored Realm in the Heartland of the Southern Gulf ... - Famsi

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