An Unexplored Realm in the Heartland of the Southern Gulf ... - Famsi

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one site and not the other since they are at basically the same elevation and less than 100 km of each other. Many of the hypotheses presented are drawn from, or supported by, cross-cultural analogies. Does the empirical evidence support these comparisons? Have the spatial and temporal distinctions been adequately considered? Some archaeological evidence does exist to support portions of these claims, but significant disparities are not considered and the “Olmec” are incorrectly portrayed as monolithic. Concluding Remarks Variations of theories presented by Lenski (1966, 1970), Harris (1979), and Wallerstein (1974), among others, have been applied to many of the discussions and assessments of the “Olmec” by anthropologists and sociologists. It is also evident that a number of these judgments refer to a unilineal evolutionary model for the development of complex society (Fried 1967; Sahlins and Service 1960; Service 1962). These simplified classifications support Haas’ (2001) comments regarding how superficial or indiscreet application of these models, without attention to detail, can facilitate the opportunity for error. New evidence from the field demonstrates the incompleteness and unevenness of extant data. The Olmec paradigm varied significantly both spatially and temporally, so much so that it may be difficult to consider the Olmec a culture except under the broadest of definitions. The first usage of the term “Olmec” and the initial description of Southern Gulf Lowland monumental sculpture were derived from subjective, unsupported assumptions. Remarkably, the faulty conclusions reached by these early reports have 30
continued to inhibit scientific inquiry for more than a century. Several of the social theory models and hypotheses presented contain insightful and accurate contentions, but others contain concepts based on incomplete data or unsupported assumptions. Although portions of the hypotheses may be supportable, often the insensitivity to chronological and spatial order and attendant processes invalidate their premise. What is known about this archaeological entity, and how do we know it? How are the new data being collected and what do they tell us? These questions are addressed in the following chapters. 31
Page 1 and 2: An Unexplored Realm in the Heartlan
Page 3 and 4: “Note to Reader” The original o
Page 5 and 6: Confederacy Model 39 Feudalistic Mo
Page 7 and 8: Elemental Analysis of the Soils fro
Page 9 and 10: The Initial Occupation of El Marque
Page 11 and 12: List of Tables Table 5.1. Ceramic C
Page 13 and 14: Figure 3.14. Plan view of the Olmec
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5.7. Site map illustrating l
Page 17 and 18: Figure 5.53. El Marquesillo throne
Page 19 and 20: the resulting data do not fit many
Page 21 and 22: Furtherance of my academic career w
Page 23 and 24: Introduction Chapter 1. Archaeology
Page 25 and 26: esearch being conducted along the S
Page 27 and 28: its introduction to Mesoamerican ar
Page 29 and 30: participants. It is especially crit
Page 31 and 32: interpretations. Finally, I compare
Page 33 and 34: analogy (Diehl 1989:25; VanDerwarke
Page 35 and 36: change, fluctuates according to “
Page 37 and 38: embedded misconceptions about these
Page 39 and 40: The “Heartland” has been deline
Page 41 and 42: than a century after their occurren
Page 43 and 44: inference as opposed to evidence. T
Page 45 and 46: Sanders and Webster (1988:544) argu
Page 47 and 48: Park (1992:90) presents the Olmec a
Page 49 and 50: lowland subsistence economy until a
Page 51: Maya are lineal descendents of the
Page 55 and 56: describes this attempted conformanc
Page 57 and 58: The models used for evaluation of t
Page 59 and 60: number of archaeological correlates
Page 61 and 62: Confederacy Model Pool (2000:150;20
Page 63 and 64: Limitations and Cautions in the Use
Page 65 and 66: Lorenzo is considered the earliest
Page 67 and 68: Several lines of evidence suggest a
Page 69 and 70: turn, gave budding Olmec leaders co
Page 71 and 72: apid growth of settlements and thei
Page 73 and 74: techniques (Berger et al. 1967; Hei
Page 75 and 76: appear to characterize it as a “c
Page 77 and 78: iconographic detail, and appear to
Page 79 and 80: Formative period Southern Gulf Lowl
Page 81 and 82: Medellín-Zeníl (1960) found large
Page 83 and 84: de Agua, and the famous, iconograph
Page 85 and 86: egarding subsistence, settlement, p
Page 87 and 88: Introduction Chapter 3. El Marquesi
Page 89 and 90: 300-900). Historical documentation
Page 91 and 92: The features of the San Juan are ch
Page 93 and 94: Figure 3.4. Aerial photograph of El
Page 95 and 96: At each of these three points of co
Page 97 and 98: El Marquesillo’s geographic locat
Page 99 and 100: of the location for more than 3,500
Page 101 and 102: The extensive Villa Alta architectu
Page 103 and 104:
of constructions. This formal archi
Page 105 and 106:
To achieve and maintain this elevat
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Figure 3.11. Map of the Southern Gu
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Teotihuacán and Aztec trade routes
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land was not in the form of gold an
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Huaspaltepec (Playa Vicente), betwe
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as listed in these records, include
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community members had to work the l
Page 119 and 120:
The 1944 flood was a momentous even
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of ancient structures, including Ce
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to recover as much information as p
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Figure 3.17. Photograph of El Seño
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collection along the cut bank was a
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its termination line (Borstein 2001
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Figure 3.18. Illustration of San Lo
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is seated transitionally between th
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Introduction Chapter 4. El Marquesi
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Grove 1997; Tolstoy 1989). Landscap
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Determination of the Survey Area Th
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Surface Mapping and Terrain Modelin
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Global Positioning System (GPS) Map
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Figure 4.4. Map of El Marquesillo g
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have the potential to record points
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The topographic images and terrain
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Figure 4.8. Digital Terrain Model o
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Figure 4.11. View to the east of lo
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The western third of the platform h
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Figure 4.15. Elevated view of Field
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Figure 4.17. Topographic map of El
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Figure 4.19. Northwest view of spri
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Information Systems (GIS) approach
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Figure 4.21. Illustration of docume
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Magnetic Properties of Basalt The m
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Magnetic Data Collection, Condition
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The magnetometer was set to the bas
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Figure 4.23. Topographical base map
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of basalt, but instead, a body of s
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Figure 4.25. Topographic contour ma
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mercuric sulfide in the soil. There
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Coyote, Honduras (Terry et al. 2000
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intersection on the numbered rows a
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The results were reported in parts
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Figure 4.28b. Box plot summaries of
Page 189 and 190:
Elemental Analysis of the Soils fro
Page 191 and 192:
Summary of the Soil Analyses When t
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Figure 4.31a. Potassium distributio
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estriction prohibiting further exca
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The average depth of any observed a
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Figure 5.7. Site map illustrating l
Page 201 and 202:
Figure 5.8. River cut profile 1A Le
Page 203 and 204:
Figure 5.9. River cut profile 1B in
Page 205 and 206:
Figure 5.10. River cut profile 2A L
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Figure 5.11. River cut profile 6B o
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Formative to Protoclassic ceramics
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fabrication methods, technologies,
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some of the Formative period wares
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The San Lorenzo Olmec Period (c. 11
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Figure 5.19. Examples of Middle For
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The Late Classic Period (c. AD 550-
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English annular ware (c. AD 1785-18
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Ceramic Collection Areas The identi
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Figure 5.26. Distribution of cerami
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Formative period accounted for 785
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The survey was conducted along the
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Figure 5.29. Diagram of Olmec thron
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Figure 5.30. Map illustrating the l
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Late Formative (263), Protoclassic
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demonstrates an analogous situation
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Offering I Figure 5.32. Locations o
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Figure 5.34. Offering I is at the c
Page 243 and 244:
Figure 5.36. Two reconstructed plat
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crescent with its concave and conve
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The two figurine types are common t
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vessels that were deposited into a
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Figure 5.45. Two of three similar s
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Obsidian and Lithic Analyses The Ob
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Throne Units Test Units Offerings I
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inhabitants from other sites, or in
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Figure 5.50. Examples of stones tho
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Figure 5.51. El Marquesillo throne
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accomplished through violent blows
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Figure 5.56. Close-up of the figure
Page 267 and 268:
Figure 5.58. Illustration of magnet
Page 269 and 270:
Modifications to this pattern occur
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class occurred only in the presence
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appearance of ceramics occurred dur
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series of interrelated residential,
Page 277 and 278:
The Early Formative period appearan
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Evidence of these constructions is
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and the excavated pit is not known,
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For the Gulf Olmec, monumental exhi
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precisely. This method would also m
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An earlier discussion suggested sty
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approximately 100 cm to 120 cm belo
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Nevertheless, the structural design
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discussion about the antiquity of t
Page 295 and 296:
6.3). At La Venta equivalent basalt
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shamanistic ritual and rulership (F
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elevation provides an excellent ove
Page 301 and 302:
further support to the idea that El
Page 303 and 304:
Also contributing to the ceramic pr
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Another possible basalt deposition
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off is dramatic to say the least. T
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direction, a series of hills approx
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Finally, the selection and investig
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a metaphor for the movements of the
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plaza complex is also oriented to p
Page 317 and 318:
the traditional communal ideology.
Page 319 and 320:
where new diagnostic ceramic types
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Understanding of the early Postclas
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ceramics probably arrived at the en
Page 325 and 326:
investigation before the direction
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Marquesillo, past and present. Fitt
Page 329 and 330:
Through the integration of a sequen
Page 331 and 332:
experienced an upward trend in popu
Page 333 and 334:
prehispanic occupation would have b
Page 335 and 336:
Assmann (2006) argues that prehisto
Page 337 and 338:
1997:288). These changes in residen
Page 339 and 340:
structures that could provide long-
Page 341 and 342:
Analysis of these three components
Page 343 and 344:
Early architectural units, specific
Page 345 and 346:
activities and that these activitie
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political structure. Was it an inde
Page 349 and 350:
subordinate to a nearby primary cen
Page 351 and 352:
Explanation of Spatial Organization
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conjunction with other forms of arc
Page 355 and 356:
Mesoamerican worldviews (Vogt 1981:
Page 357 and 358:
Expanding the Boundaries and a Look
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to illustrate their power and wealt
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emains is striking. This disproport
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the earliest detectable occupation
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and Uxpanapa River Basins, I wonder
Page 367 and 368:
Arnaiz-Villena, A., G. Vargas-Alarc
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Bassie, K. 2006 The Fire and Water
Page 371 and 372:
Blake, M. and J. E. Clark 1999 The
Page 373 and 374:
Butler, R. F. 1992 Paleomagnetism:
Page 375 and 376:
2001 Gulf Lowlands: South Region. I
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Coe, M. D., D. Snow and E. Benson 1
Page 379 and 380:
2003 Laguna de los Cerros: Una Capi
Page 381 and 382:
2003 Analysis of Formative Period O
Page 383 and 384:
Elachi, C. 1987 Introduction to the
Page 385 and 386:
Foster, G. M. 1940 Notes on the Pop
Page 387 and 388:
2001 La Venta, Tabasco, Mexico. In
Page 389 and 390:
Halbwachs, M. 1992 On Collective Me
Page 391 and 392:
Hester, T. R., H. J. Shafer and K.
Page 393 and 394:
Johnston, K. J. and N. Gonlin 1998
Page 395 and 396:
Kruger, R. P. 1996 An Archaeologica
Page 397 and 398:
Madry, S. L. H. 1987 A Multiscalar
Page 399 and 400:
Middleton, W. D. 2004 Identifying C
Page 401 and 402:
Ortíz, P. 1975 La Ceramica de los
Page 403 and 404:
Plog, S. 1990 Agriculture, Sedentis
Page 405 and 406:
Rapoport, A. 1990 History and Prece
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Rueda, H. G. 1989 Nuevas Exploracio
Page 409 and 410:
Santley, R. S., S. A. Nelson, B. K.
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1989 Olmec Studies: A Status Report
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Stark, B. L. and P. J. Arnold 1997
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Tarling, D. H. 1983 Geomagnetism. C
Page 417 and 418:
Tykot, R. H. 2004 Stable Isotopes a
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Wallerstein, I. 1974 The Modern Wor
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2003 The Role of Kinship and Demogr
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Appendix 1a. Ceramic Analysis: Type
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Appendix 1b. Ceramic Analysis: Type
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Appendix 2. Ceramic Types and Count
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Appendix 2 Ceramic Types and Counts
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Appendix 3a. Obsidian from Test Uni
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Appendix 3b. Obsidian from Throne E
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Appendix 4a. Lithics from Surface C
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Appendix 4b. Lithics from River Cut
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Appendix 5a. Soil Survey I Element
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Appendix 5a. Soil Survey I Element
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Appendix 5b. Soil Survey II Element
Page 471 and 472:
Appendix 5b. Soil Survey II Element
Page 473:
About the Author Travis F. Doering
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An Unexplored Realm in the Heartland of the Southern Gulf ... - Famsi

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