Towards a Baltic Sea Region Strategy in Critical ... - Helsinki.fi

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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION networks, roads, railroads and buildings suffered major damage, with long-term consequences for the people living in the affected areas. Immediate repair efforts were compromised by blocked roads and the danger of falling trees. Roughly 870 000 customers were affected by the blackout. This case study will concentrate on the effects the storm had on the emergency services in the area, with emphasis on power blackouts. Precautions Figure II—5 Measures taken by Rescue Services. (Swedish Rescue Services Agency 2005) On Friday the 7 th of January, a weather warning was sent out by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute at 23:18. The warning was passed to the 70 NORDREGIO REPORT 2007:5
CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY fire departments by SOS Alarm, the Swedish emergency response centre. The majority of the departments immediately raised their states of alert. As the wind kept rising, the state of alert was further increased; additional personnel were called in. No further precautions were taken. However, during the night between Saturday and Sunday, many rescue units were pulled back due to the increasing risk of falling trees. Direct Impacts of Power Blackouts The direct impacts on the emergency services due to power blackouts could have been significantly worse. The larger population centres (mostly cities) had functional power distribution during the storm and hence, larger command- and coordination centres remained operational. Some fire stations with integrated command centres lacked backup power systems (such as generators). Fortunately, these stations were mostly located in cities and were therefore not affected during this particular event. However, this poses a severe threat to the overall robustness of society and will need to be addressed in the near future. Many part-time fire stations in the country side also lacked backup power systems and were hence affected by the blackouts. This had a negative impact on the fire stations’ role as communication- and information centres when all other means of communication were out of order. At some fire stations, the only working communication systems were the vehicle radios. Recharging of portable radio devices was impossible. The operational abilities of the stations were also affected due to loss of heating. Fortunately, the weather conditions after the storm were favourable; heavy snowfall and low temperatures would have rendered many fire stations completely use-less. The prioritizing of backup power equipment was handled by the county administration boards in some of the affected areas and by the municipalities themselves in others. The biggest impacts were due to communication problems, although the communication between units and command centres was working satisfactorily in most areas, for most of the time. This aspect will be discussed in more detail in the following section. Communication In some areas lack of communication was considered a far more serious problem than power blackouts. In the case of Gudrun, communication disruptions were mainly caused by either direct damage on phone lines and base stations (fallen trees, etc.) or by power shortage. Some critical base stations were equipped with backup power systems, but in many cases they were not dimensioned for a blackout of this extent. Batteries ran out of power and generators ran out of fuel. Refilling was impossible, as the affected stations could not be reached due to debris and danger of falling trees. Some stolen generators were also reported. During the storm, authorities (such as fire services, ambulance and police) used 80 MHz analogue radio communications. The operational status of the system varied between areas; in some areas it was fully functional - in others completely NORDREGIO REPORT 2007:5 71
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Towards a Baltic Sea Region Strateg
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Nordregio Report 2007:5 ISSN 1403-2
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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION
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PREFACE PREFACE With the Commission
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PREFACE The study includes tens of
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I:
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CHAPTER IV: OIL TRANSPORTATION AND
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CHAPTER VI: WATER CHAPTER VI: WATER
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