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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION for water works (Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriö 2000). The water levels in the vicinity of the groundwater works are also regularly monitored. In general, the water quality at the Hanko water works is good. In Hopearanta the chloride content occasionally increased, but the values were, however, less than the limit value. The reasons for the chlorine-increased values may be seawater intrusion, relic salt water, de-icing of the road or the landfill. Also, the iron and manganese contents increased in some samples. Ampumarata water works has had problems with high iron and manganese concentrations, and there was an observed increase in volatile organic compounds (VOC) and small amounts of pesticides. The fluoride content has also increased occasionally at the Ampumarata and Mannerheimintie water works. Table VI—1 Comparison of groundwater quality parameters in the Hanko penisula to Finnish average. Parameter Shallow groundwater in Hanko peninsula * Shallow groundwater in Finland** Median Mean Median Mean pH 6.7 6.7 6.4 6.5 El. conductivity, mS/m, 25 o C 13.4 18.48 12.5 16.4 Chloride, Cl - , mg/L 10.5 19.08 4.46 8.6 Sulphate, SO 2- 4 , mg/L 15.0 16.79 10.4 14.6 HCO - 3 , mg/L 41.5 44.69 32.9 51.9 NO - 3 , mg/L 0.6 1.58 3.19 8.43 Ca, mg/L 11.9 17.2 11.4 15.2 Mg, mg/L 1.68 2.68 2.38 3.83 Na, mg/L 6.71 12.75 4.18 7.02 K, mg/L 2.02 2.33 2.78 4.97 KMnO 4 -number, mg/L 3.4 15.43 4.5 8.48 Fe, mg/L 0.03 0.17
CHAPTER VI: WATER often higher in the coastal area than in inland (Lahermo et al. 1999). Concerning other studied water quality parameters, the concentration levels of Hanko are comparable to the rest of Finland. Fluctuation of groundwater level The fluctuation of the groundwater levels from two observation wells, the sea level and the atmospheric pressure during the monitoring period is presented in Figure 8. During the monitoring period, the sea level varied between -0.43 m and +0.57 m (N 60 ), which corresponded respectively to the period of highest and lowest air pressures. On the other hand, the results indicated that variations of sea levels affected the groundwater level directly. During the sea level rise, the pressure from sea level rise pushed the groundwater level high up as well. Groundwater levels in the observation wells varied between +0.064 m and +0.762 m (HP66) and between -0.153 m and +0.24 m (HP306). The differences of changes in water levels of those two observation wells probably suggest the difference in hydrogeological properties in different parts of the aquifer. The permeable layers in the Mannerheimintie area (HP66) are thinner and the size of the reservoir is smaller than in the area of Hopearanta (HP306). In addition, the pumping of the Mannerheimintie water works was not in service during the monitoring period. Groundwater levels in the HP306 observation well were very close to the sea level and in many intervals during the sea level rise; groundwater levels from this well were even below the sea level. HP306 is located close to the main water work wells – three separated wells - and is affected by the water drawdown. The pumping from the wells to the water tower is continuously about 600 – 900 m 3 /d. The pumping was less for only some hours during the night. Figure VI—8 Groundwater level of observation well HP66 (in dark blue) and of observation well HP306 (in red), sea level (in black) and air pressure (in brown) data during 12.2 – 12.6.2007. NORDREGIO REPORT 2007:5 203
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Towards a Baltic Sea Region Strateg
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Nordregio Report 2007:5 ISSN 1403-2
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5.4 Impacts caused by terrorism, na
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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION
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PREFACE PREFACE With the Commission
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PREFACE The study includes tens of
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I:
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY 2 ELECTRIC
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY electricity
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY Recent clim
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY Figure II
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY possibiliti
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY continental
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY Indirect Im
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY centres etc
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CHAPTER III: INFORMATION AND COMMUN
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CHAPTER IV: OIL TRANSPORTATION AND
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