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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION preferential directions. The bedrock is mainly covered by Quaternary deposits, with only a few outcrops in the area. Figure VI—6 Conceptual geological model of the First Salpausselkä Formation in the Hanko main groundwater area. (Modified from Breilin et al. 2004) Grounwater flow direction Figure VI—7 Groundwater thickness in Hanko main groundwater area. The thickness of groundwater reflects the surface of the bedrock under the Quaternary deposits. (Modified from Breilin et al. 2004) 200 NORDREGIO REPORT 2007:5
CHAPTER VI: WATER The complicated geological structure of the First Salpausselkä formation results in complicated groundwater conditions. Permeability varies in the Hanko aquifer due to the changes in the grain size and thickness of the different layers. The structure of the aquifer in the northwest part is quite different to the southeast part. According to drillings, the sand and gravel layers are varying with clay and silt layers (Figure 6). In many places the geological stratigraphy from ground level downwards is: first sand and gravel layers with good water conductivity, then silt and clay layers with weak conductivity, followed by sand and gravel layers with good conductivity. According to Breilin et al. (2004) the groundwater level in the study area varies from less than 2 meters to more than 15 meters below surface. The groundwater table is at its deepest level in two different parts in the northern and southern part of the formation (Figure 7). Right by the Baltic Sea coast the groundwater table is near the ground surface. Generally, the groundwater table is less than + 2 m a.s.l. (N 60 ), only in the centre part of the formation the groundwater table is + 4 - +6 m a.s.l. (N 60 ). Water supply There are four separate public groundwater works in the studied aquifer (Figure 7). In 2003, the total water use of the town of Hanko was on average 4 630 m 3 /d. The combined pumping volume from four water works in the study area was 1 430 m 3 /d, which contributed about 30 % of the Hanko’s water production, even though the yield and the capacity of this formation are much larger than that now used. The name of the oldest water works is Hopearanta in the north part of the formation, built in 1907. This is one of the oldest water works in Finland. The pumping rate of this water work is of 700 – 800 m 3 /d. The water work consists of three different wells and the total pumping permission is 1 200 m 3 /d. The recently defined catchment for the wells is about 1 km 2 . The water works of Mannerheimintie is located in the south part of the aquifer quite near the town. The pumping permission is 720 m 3 /d and the daily use in general is about 320 m 3 /d. However, at the moment this water work is not in use. The current estimation of the size of the catchment is about 0.5 km 2 . The water work of Ampumarata has a pumping permission of 2200 m 3 /d, but it is not possible to get that much water from the two wells in the area. The water quality is not good enough in this water works, the problem being too high iron and manganese contents. The water use is now only for the irrigation of the sports area. The water works of Furunäs has been closed since 1982 because of a leakage from the sewer water system of a nearby pharmaceutical factory. In addition to the water works, there are some private wells in use, mainly for irrigation. There are also many groundwater observation wells, mainly in the vicinity of the water works but also elsewhere in the area of the aquifer. The length of underground water work system network in Hanko is in total 155 km. Groundwater quality The Hanko aquifer has been burdened by different activities and factors, and the water quality has decreased in places. The water quality at the groundwater works is regularly sampled by the health authorities and the staff of water works. The analyses and measurements are according to the Act of Water quality requirements NORDREGIO REPORT 2007:5 201
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Towards a Baltic Sea Region Strateg
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Nordregio Report 2007:5 ISSN 1403-2
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5.4 Impacts caused by terrorism, na
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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION
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PREFACE PREFACE With the Commission
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PREFACE The study includes tens of
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I:
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY 2 ELECTRIC
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY electricity
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY Recent clim
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY Figure II
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY possibiliti
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY continental
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY Indirect Im
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY fire depart
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY • Local c
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY • The net
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY centres etc
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CHAPTER III: INFORMATION AND COMMUN
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CHAPTER IV: OIL TRANSPORTATION AND
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