Towards a Baltic Sea Region Strategy in Critical ... - Helsinki.fi

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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), have enabled data services for GSM users. By contrast, TETRA has been defined from its onset (TETRA Release 1) to handle both voice and data traffic. Furthermore, an order of magnitude improvement in TETRA data transfer rates will be enabled by the implementation of TETRA Enhanced Data Service (TEDS) as part of TETRA Release 2 (ETSI EN 2007a). A comparison of the key system characteristics of TETRA and GSM are summarized in Table 6. The comparative advantages of TETRA include: • Higher bandwidth utilization efficiency. • Wider coverage possible in the frequency bands allocated for TETRA. • Faster call setup times, essential in situations that require fast responsive actions. • Modulation schemes that is relatively simple to implement. • Cost-effectiveness in serving a low subscriber density. • Extremely versatile group call functionality. • Possibility of creating virtual private networks (VPNs) that firmly isolate traffic belonging to different user groups. • Improved robustness to multipath impairments caused by signal reflections. Diffractions and scattering in the mobile radio environment. The primary air interfaces (that is, calling modes) specified by TETRA are the Trunk Mode Operation (TMO) 73 and Direct Mode Operation (DMO). The TMO is the same as in conventional cellular networks, whereby, users communicate via the TETRA SwMI. On the hand, DMO enables TETRA users to communicate directly or via repeaters, independent of SwMI (see Figure 12). These repeaters are typically vehicle-mounted terminals that improve the DMO range, particularly if the vehicle is parked in an elevated location, such as a hilltop. Furthermore, DMO repeaters may increase range of base stations by providing a DMO link to users that are beyond the coverage range of a base station. See Figure 12 for an illustrative comparison of these different configurations. The use of DMO could be considered as a fallback scheme that ensures continued local communications (with limited features) even after failure to the SwMI. TETRA Services and Applications TETRA networks support a range of calling features and services crucial for professional users (see Figure 13). This includes not only basic telephony services similar to those provided by public networks, but also a set of supplementary services to increase the effectiveness of teamwork within and beyond a TETRA user group. For instance, during a fire fighting operation a fire fighter may make a Late Entry into a group conversation with other squad members, or a Priority Call from a critically injured fire fighter may override other calls in progress. TETRA also supports standard data services and applications developed by third parties. 73 Also known as the TETRA Voice and Data (TETRA V+D) air interface. 106 NORDREGIO REPORT 2007:5
CHAPTER III: INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY Table III—6 Comparison of key system characteristics between TETRA (Releases 1 and 2) and GSM (Phases 1 and 2). System Characteristic Frequency Bands (MHz) Maximum data rate (kbit/s) Maximum mobile speed (km/hr) TETRA Release 1 TETRA Release 2 GSM Phase 1 and 2 300-1000 300-1000 900; 1800; 1900 < 28.8 < 538 200 200 Maximum range (km) 58 83 Channel separation (kHz) Channels per 200 kHz carrier bandwidth 25 25; 50; 100; 150 200 < 40 (GPRS); < 160 (EDGE) 250 (125 at 1800 MHz) 35 (without extensions) 32 32 8 or 16 Channel access TDMA TDMA TDMA Modulation schemes Call setup time (seconds) Permissible delay spread (μm) π/4 DQPSK π/8 D8PSK; 4- QAM; 16-QAM; 64- QAM GMSK 0.3-1 0.3-1 4-10 100 100 16 Figure III—12 Basic configuration of various TETRA air interfaces. NORDREGIO REPORT 2007:5 107
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Towards a Baltic Sea Region Strateg
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Nordregio Report 2007:5 ISSN 1403-2
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5.4 Impacts caused by terrorism, na
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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION
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PREFACE PREFACE With the Commission
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PREFACE The study includes tens of
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I:
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CHAPTER V: GAS CHAPTER V: GAS Sven
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CHAPTER VI: WATER CHAPTER VI: WATER
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