Towards a Baltic Sea Region Strategy in Critical ... - Helsinki.fi

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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION of these areas is done by Regional Environment Centres and the high quality maps of the groundwater areas are the basis for protection. Concerning groundwater protection, the most important are class I areas and especially groundwater works and the catchments around them. The studied Hanko aquifer is locally a very important groundwater area and belongs to class I. Also the groundwater areas that are potential for new groundwater works are significant for protection. In the Hanko aquifer the most important area for protection is the area of the Hopearanta water works. Searching for new water resources to supply Hanko could be done by drilling new producing wells in a deeper location and further from the coast. The shallow groundwater aquifer is thickest in NW-SE trend from the Lindnäsudden area (Figure 6). Toward the mainland, the thickness of the sand and gravel deposit is up to 58 m and the groundwater depth range between less than 3 and 12 m below the surface. Sufficient information of sedimentation pattern of the sand and gravel formations of the groundwater aquifer would support the best location for the new wells and optimize the groundwater supply in the long term. The use of artificially recharged groundwater is increasing in many parts of Finland. However, the artificial recharge could be very difficult for the Hanko area, due to the lack of close water resources. This would cause a high investment for the Hanko Town. Crystalline bedrock forms the basement of the younger deposits and is distributed throughout the Hanko peninsula. The depth of bedrock varies from 30m below sea level to the surface level. Groundwater in the bedrock is accumulated along the fracture zones. The drilling operations to explore these groundwater resources are certainly more expensive than the shallow groundwater. Drilled bedrock groundwater wells in coastal areas also face the potential risk of the saltwater intrusion or relict salt water from the former Littorina Sea. A plan concerning groundwater protection in Hanko was prepared in 1997 and was updated in 2005 (Harju 1997; Maa ja Vesi 2005). The plan was extensive and consists of a description of groundwater conditions, groundwater resources, potential risk functions and proposal for actions, groundwater quality, groundwater monitoring, and recommendations in restrictions of land use, provisions for crisis and actions in emergency. It is aimed as a base plan and regular procedure for a groundwater protection practice. To protect shallow groundwater aquifers along the coastline, groundwater monitoring is needed and this should be done for both of groundwater quantity and quality. The monitoring of groundwater levels in shoreline areas, especially in the area nearby the main water work also requires information on the sea level. As the shallow groundwater in Hanko area is vulnerable to the intrusion of seawater, a routine monitoring will minimize the risk, e.g. chloride is an indicator of the intrusion of seawater. Monitoring will keep the groundwater quality situation in general updated. The remediation of groundwater is enormous and expensive work, so it is better to know the situation before the contamination reaches the water works’ wells. Moreover, the monitoring will provide basic information of the groundwater condition and the groundwater budget balance between use, discharge and recharge and also on pumping control. In Hanko the monitoring of groundwater levels in observation wells around the water works is carried out, but the water quality in these wells is not monitored. 210 NORDREGIO REPORT 2007:5
CHAPTER VI: WATER Climate change needs to be included in the water management plan and infrastructures (e.g. water supply net work, raw water treatment and water work), strategic planning and significant capital investments, management of supplies during droughts or flooding. Because climate change effects are still uncertain and difficult to evaluate, conceptual models of water cycle are crucial, therefore, strategic planning and management should be flexible to deal with the latest information and scheme for a scenario-based approach on the short, medium and long term. However, it is be possible to manage with a certain amount of changes in water quantity or quality within existing operating practices such as some factors can be assessed monitoring, e.g. concentration of chloride in the groundwater and the groundwater level. In terms of infrastructure, routine inspection of the water distribution pipe network or use of long life span material for the pipe network, ensure sustainability. Tools for good management of risks are already available in modern and forward-looking legislation, and by groundwater protection plans. The resources for controlling them are, however, limited. Economic limits confine, also the renewal of the sewer system and the freshwater system network. Most of the risks to groundwater discussed in section 6.4 above are known in Finland, except the effects of climate change and salt intrusion caused by the over pumping of groundwater. On the other hand, under the Environment Protection Act it is forbidden to do or to have much kind of new functions in important groundwater areas. For example it is forbidden to establish a new landfill in an important groundwater area. There are, however, remnants of old ones, such as the old Stormossen landfill in the Hanko aquifer area. Such existing functions, established before the new Act, are uncontrollable and therefore difficult to manage. 6.6 ADAPTATION OF GROUNDWATER PROTECTION STRATEGY IN HANKO AND OTHER COASTAL AQUIFERS IN FINLAND Coastal aquifers The risks to groundwater quantity or quality are much the same all over Finland. The vicinity of the Baltic Sea coast poses, however, a special threat to groundwater. The number of coastal aquifers is up to 600 from total of 12 982 aquifers in the whole country (Britschgi and Gustafsson 1996), so this problem exists for a large amount of aquifers. The changes in seawater level influence the groundwater level, and seawater may intrude into the freshwater aquifer. The sea salt may increase the salt content in precipitation and by infiltration the salt may reach the groundwater and affect on the quality. Also, the salt water increases the corrosion of materials in buildings or in freshwater pipelines or in sewer water pipelines that are in contact with salt water. The detailed plan for groundwater protection is the most significant tool in the risk assessment and risk management. The plan should be prepared accurately and all the special factors based of the vicinity of sea should be considered. To this effect, a conceptual model for protection of shallow groundwater aquifer lying in coast area of Baltic Sea is presented in Figure 12. NORDREGIO REPORT 2007:5 211
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Towards a Baltic Sea Region Strateg
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Nordregio Report 2007:5 ISSN 1403-2
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5.4 Impacts caused by terrorism, na
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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION
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PREFACE PREFACE With the Commission
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