Towards a Baltic Sea Region Strategy in Critical ... - Helsinki.fi

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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION This observed data shows that the sea level changes have a direct, remarkable and very fast effect on the groundwater level. The time lag between the seawater rise and groundwater level rise seems to be only a few hours in this highly permeable aquifer. Thus, based on this data and according to the climate change scenarios, it can be concluded that the significant rise of sea level in the Hanko coastal area could cause problems to the water supply managements and infrastructure planning in the Hanko and in many other coast aquifer areas. 6.4 RISK ASSESSMENT IN THE HANKO AREA Threats to shallow groundwater aquifer and water supply Threats to the Hanko shallow groundwater aquifer and water supply are below classified into two main categories: (1) threats from human activities and (2) threats from climate change. The groundwater based water supply is part of the most important critical infrastructures (e.g. distribution network, pipe network), because shallow groundwater is the main water source available, with easy abstraction methods, and the communities and industries in the Hanko area rely on it for both domestic consumption and industrial use. Risks, either anthropogenic or natural, can affect groundwater quantity or quality. Often, the changes in groundwater quantity – increase or decrease of groundwater table – affect changes in groundwater quality. Basically, it is a good situation if the amount of groundwater increases, but this can affect significantly the groundwater quality. The infiltration time will be shorter, and that means that the water will not be purified well before it reaches the groundwater table. During the infiltration the quality of the water improves; the unsaturated zone works like a refiner by different geochemical processes. If the span of water in this zone is too short, all the geochemical processes have only a short time to complete and such things as the risk of groundwater contamination by microbes will increase. The hydrogeological processes in the unsaturated zone are not yet well known in Finland. The corrosion of different materials in buildings and constructions will increase if the groundwater table varies greatly. If the water table decreases, the most remarkable result is that wells may no longer reach the groundwater when the water quantity diminishes. Sometimes, it is possible to dig deeper wells, but small aquifers may dry up. The rise in sea level rise has the long-term high potential risk of the intrusion of seawater, which would increase the corrosion of the water pipe system, resulting in high operation costs and possibly groundwater contamination. Capital costs of infrastructure, such as the rebuilding of wells and water pipe line networks or water treatment of contaminated groundwater would increase. In addition, the rise of the sea level will push the groundwater level up and in long term, it could cause reductions of infiltration interval of water because of thinner infiltration zone. The thinner infiltration zone could worsen the groundwater quality, especially in the area of high permeable sand and gravel zones. All the changes in groundwater circumstances may, however, have economic effects, for example due to the necessities of rebuilding wells or pipelines or by 204 NORDREGIO REPORT 2007:5
CHAPTER VI: WATER water treatment. Water transport from other groundwater resources might be a possible alternative, but this is very costly. Human threats to groundwater and water supply The human (or technological) threats to groundwater currently under discussion may be events that happen once or they may be continuous. The settlement of Hanko on the area of the Hanko aquifer is mainly a threat not only to groundwater quality but also to its quantity. The Hanko shallow groundwater’s risk areas are shown in Figure 9. Figure VI—9 Map of Hanko groundwater risks. (Modified from Maa ja Vesi 2005) While the groundwater aquifers and water supply are vulnerable to terrorism and sabotage, either directly or through infrastructure interdependencies, the main direct risks seem to be of less dramatic nature of human activity. Hanko is an important harbour and industrial town. It is highly industrialized and there are number of factories of small and medium sizes located in many parts of the Hanko shallow groundwater aquifer area. The area of Hanko Town has an underground sewer system network of 139 km, with 25 pumping stations. The condition of the network has in places become weak. The oldest part of the sewer system as built in the 1910s. The material in this old sewer system is cement. The sewer system network is located beneath ground and above the groundwater table. During heavy rain, the rainwater may NORDREGIO REPORT 2007:5 205
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Towards a Baltic Sea Region Strateg
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Nordregio Report 2007:5 ISSN 1403-2
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5.4 Impacts caused by terrorism, na
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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION
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PREFACE PREFACE With the Commission
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PREFACE The study includes tens of
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I:
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY 2 ELECTRIC
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY electricity
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY Recent clim
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY Figure II
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY possibiliti
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CHAPTER III: INFORMATION AND COMMUN
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CHAPTER IV: OIL TRANSPORTATION AND
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