Towards a Baltic Sea Region Strategy in Critical ... - Helsinki.fi

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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION are groundwater. The global water balance is very sensitive and even small changes, for example in atmospheric temperature may affect it. The groundwater state is usually more stable than surface water state is and is better protected against different risks than surface water, for example contamination. There are, however, a lot of risks also for groundwater, both on its quantity and quality. Sustainable development in the use of renewable groundwater resources requires that the pumping of groundwater does not exceed the recharge. Overpumping of groundwater resources has happened in tracts of China, the Middle East, North Africa, Saudi Arabia, and the U.S.A. and the groundwater table has decreased alarmingly in these areas. Globally, the use of freshwater has tripled in the last 50 years. The greatest consumption of water is by agriculture, about 70%, by industry, about 22% and by cities and communities only 8% (Rankila 2007). It has been assessed that globally after 20 years more than 65% of inhabitants will face shortages of freshwater. The demand for freshwater has a great conflict potential, e. g. in the Middle East. In some areas groundwater resources are at risk from the results of human activities, and an increase in population can cause the overuse and contamination of groundwater resources, which consequently affect major infrastructure and water management. Moreover, climate change currently leads to a further warming of atmosphere and may cause changes in the global climate system in the near future. This change would directly affect the groundwater resources, due to changes in global temperature, precipitation and floods patterns, as well as the global mean sea level rise. In conjunction with higher water demand and increasing pollution due to increasing populations, this would cause a crisis to groundwater resource management strategies and infrastructure planning. Groundwater resources in Finland are mainly restricted to Quaternary deposits but are found to some extent in faults and fractures of crystalline Precambrian bedrock. The groundwater resources of Quaternary deposits are most important for the public water supply, and therefore it is a part of the critical infrastructure in municipalities. The rural population relies both on local groundwater resources in bedrock but mainly exploits or in small Quaternary deposits by private wells. Geographical background Finland is situated between the 60 th and 70 th northern parallels in the Eurasian continent's coastal zone. The country's geographical position has influenced Finland’s climate characteristics, which is in between a transition zone of a continental and maritime climate, and belongs mostly to the boreal zone. Due to the Gulf Stream the mean temperature in Finland is several degrees (as much as 10°C in winter) higher than that of other areas in more continental locations at the same latitude to the east, e.g. Siberia and south Greenland (FMI 2007). According to Köppen's climate classification, Finland belongs to the temperate coniferous-mixed forest zone with cold, wet winters, where the mean temperature of the warmest month is no lower than 10°C and that of the coldest month no higher than -3°C (FMI 2007, Essenwanger 2001). A typical feature is that the four seasons are distinct, although rainfall is, on average, moderate in all seasons. The climate between the north and south of Finland is different due to the difference in latitude. The annual mean temperature in south Finland ranges 190 NORDREGIO REPORT 2007:5
CHAPTER VI: WATER between 3 to 6 °C, while in the north is between -1 and +3 °C. The annual precipitation varies in the central and eastern parts of Finland between 600 and 760 mm, in the western and northern parts of the country it is about 400-650 mm (FMI 2007). Since the evaporation is about 340 mm, the annual water budget is positive in Finland, and groundwater recharges every year. Figure VI—1 Map of quaternary sand and gravel deposits (in blue), the most important shallow groundwater resources in Finland. The three Salpausselkä formations are indicated. (Base map data © National Land Survey of Finland) NORDREGIO REPORT 2007:5 191
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Towards a Baltic Sea Region Strateg
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Nordregio Report 2007:5 ISSN 1403-2
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5.4 Impacts caused by terrorism, na
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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION
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PREFACE PREFACE With the Commission
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PREFACE The study includes tens of
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I:
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY 2 ELECTRIC
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CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY electricity
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