Towards a Baltic Sea Region Strategy in Critical ... - Helsinki.fi

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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION problems in the cold winter time. This clearly increases the vulnerability of society. According to a study made by VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (Tuomaala 2002), the room temperature of a normal house will decrease from 22 o C to 15 o C in six hours if the heating system fails and the outdoor temperature is -26 o C. In 48 hours, the temperature will drop from 22 o C to 0 o C. The corresponding temperatures for an energy saving house are 18 o C and 10 o C, respectively. This gives a time frame for the measures to be taken: bring back electricity and heating, arrange for generators and heaters – or evacuate. Electricity consumption 40 In Finland, the consumption of energy and electricity per capita is one of the highest in the world. In the north, winters are cold and dark, and therefore a lot of energy is needed for heating and lighting. Also, the industry in Finland is very energy intensive. Table II—1 Electricity consumption in Finland and Europe. (Nordel 2004) Consumption per capita and consumption in Europe Year 2004 Country Consumption per capita (kWh) Consumption (TWh) Iceland 29400 8,6 Norway 26300 120,1 Finland 16600 86,8 Sweden 16500 146,2 France (2003) 7900 468,2 Denmark 6700 35,7 Germany 6700 554,3 Great Britain 6600 390 In the year 2006, industry and construction used a good 53% of the electricity, households and farms 25 %, and services and public consumption a total of 19 %. A good 3% of electricity was lost during transmission and distribution year 2006. Electric heating across all customer groups accounts for about 10% of the electricity consumption. Industrial energy demand grew by more than 9.5% in 2006. Electricity consumption of households and agricultural clients grew by 2.3%. Services and public consumption required 3.1% more electricity than the year before. The variation between seasons is also large. In winter, the consumption of electricity is more than 40% greater than in summer. On the 20 th of January 2006, the peak power of total electricity consumption reached an all-time high - 14,860 megawatts. Russia cut electricity export to Finland by several hundreds of megawatts during the most severe frosts and Sweden did the same a little later. However, the demand for electricity in Finland was met. 40 This section as a whole is based on the information from the Finnish Energy Industries (2007). 60 NORDREGIO REPORT 2007:5
CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY Recent climate events and changes in the climate variability and extremes have received increased attention in the last few years. One of the most obvious consequences forecast by climate models is the raise of the mean temperature. In Finland, this means that the growing season in summer will be four weeks longer than today. Extreme cold seasons will be shorter and less frequent, as the statistical variability of temperature will be larger. The mean temperature will increase and the snow cover decrease. The need for heating will decrease and therefore electricity consumption has been forecast to increase only 1,2% annually up year 2020 which is less than in recent years (Marttila et al. 2005). Another consequence of the climate change is a small decrease in seasonal variation of energy consumption: in winter, the need of heating energy decreases and in summer, the need of cooling energy increases. However, it is important to point out that although the average energy consumption decreases, periods of extreme cold or hot weather will become more common. Thus, power companies should have enough reserve capacity to cover the peak load. Peak power of gross electricity consumption in Finland Power (MW) 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 Year Figure II—2 The peak load trend. (Finnish Energy Industries 2007) Electric transmission networks 41 The main grid serves power producers and consumers, enabling electricity trade between these throughout Finland and also across Finnish borders. Most of the power consumed in Finland is transmitted through the main grid. The national transmission grids in the Scandinavian countries are connected together as a Nordic Interconnected Grid. This enables power trading between the countries and facilities the optimization of power generation within each country. 41 This section as a whole is based on the information from Fingrid (2007a). NORDREGIO REPORT 2007:5 61
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Towards a Baltic Sea Region Strateg
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Nordregio Report 2007:5 ISSN 1403-2
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5.4 Impacts caused by terrorism, na
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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION
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PREFACE PREFACE With the Commission
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PREFACE The study includes tens of
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I:
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CHAPTER IV: OIL TRANSPORTATION AND
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CHAPTER VI: WATER CHAPTER VI: WATER
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