Towards a Baltic Sea Region Strategy in Critical ... - Helsinki.fi

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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION a way, that they remain at least partly operational when the normal power and communication systems fail. The sharing of experiencies and ideas across nation borders becomes an important factor. 2.4 BETTER PREPAREDNESS After Pyry- and Janika-storms MTI appointed Director General Jarl Forsten to make an account to how to develop electricity networks and improve their reliability. One recommendation in Reliability of Electricity Networks -report (Forsten and Lehtonen 2001) was trying to achieve the six hour maximum interruption time in electricity blackouts. The electricity companies can choose the best ways to reach the target, but it would take a long time, because the electricity networks and its components are long lasting investments, which are renewed usually after twenty or thirty years. It is also important to develop new methods to analyse reliability of the electricity networks and improvement actions, so that forthcoming investments can be made efficiently. Another recommendation in Reliability of Electricity Networks –report touched the compensation, which is paid to the customers due the electricity blackout. The compensation should be based on the real economical costs, which is caused by the electricity blackouts to the customers, but unfortunately this information is not available. The compensation cost is also important to electricity companies, when they are planning their future investments to the electricity networks or the recruitment of maintenance personnel to speed up repairs. It seems that the present compensation model, where maximum compensation is 700 euros, is not working as it should, because the investments in the reliability of electricity networks or the fast maintenance has not been sufficient as we saw during Pyryand Janika-storms. Reliability of Electricity Networks –report also highlighted the meaning of the co-operation between authorities during the prolonged electricity blackout and precise and fast information to the public about the area, reason and estimated duration of electricity blackout. Soon after the Reliability of Electricity Networks -report started Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT) and Tampere University of Technology (TUT) a research on how to develop electricity networks and improve their reliability (Partanen et al. 2006). In this research the maximum interruption times, average interruption times and number of interruptions acted as reliability indicators. These were then compared to the investment, maintenance and compensation costs. The consequences of widespread and long-lasting electricity blackouts can be reduced by improving the electricity network structure or speeding up the maintenance. As improving the network structure is expensive, a reasonable tradeoff between network investments and maintenance costs is required. How large an electricity blackout is it reasonable to be prepared for and what is the acceptable maximum down time? Traditional way to classify electricity blackouts according to SFS-EN 50160 standard is to divide them in three categories: 76 NORDREGIO REPORT 2007:5
CHAPTER II: ELECTRICITY • long interruptions, which are more than three minutes • short interruptions, which are less than three minutes • voltage fluctuation This classification method is very technical and technology orientated – the CIP point of view – and does not pay any attention to consequences and resilience. The first time in this research definition of extreme long electricity interruption (lasts more than 12 hours) was introduced. Despite very good statistical information of electricity blackouts, this type of data of extreme long lasting interruptions was not available in large extent, and therefore historical data from the three previous storms - Unto (July 5, 2002), Pyry (November 1, 2001) and Janika (November 15, 2001) - was used to build up a mathematical model for the simulations. Storm Classifications Storms are classified in three different categories according the maximum interruption time and the number of affected customers. A mathematical function has been derived from the statistical information, giving the number of affected customers as a function of the interruption time. Customers without electricity Time (h) Figure II—8 Customers without electricity in class I major storm. (Partanen et al. 2006) 44 This is very useful information also for the rescue services for blackout analysis and preparations. A class I major storm is a disturbance that leaves customers without power for a maximum of two days, given the current network structure and available resources. The affected area is normally relatively small and thus the number of 44 Mathematical model is fitted to the statistical information on Pyry and Janika storms from Suur- Savon Sähkö electricity company’s information system. Actual percentage of customers in coloured points and fitted mathematical function in black. NORDREGIO REPORT 2007:5 77
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Towards a Baltic Sea Region Strateg
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Nordregio Report 2007:5 ISSN 1403-2
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5.4 Impacts caused by terrorism, na
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CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION
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PREFACE PREFACE With the Commission
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PREFACE The study includes tens of
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I:
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CHAPTER VI: WATER CHAPTER VI: WATER
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