WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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development of harnessing hydropower using existing infrastructure such as water distribution channels. 12 Climate change poses a constraint on potential. Namibia´s desert climate is not very suitable for hydropower in general, even though the country has a hydropower master plan. 12 South Africa has an annual rainfall of about 500mm, coupled with occasional droughts or floods and seasonal river flows. Table 2 Small hydropower in Southern Africa (Megawatts) Country Potential Installed capacity (MW) (MW) Lesotho 20.0 3.82 Namibia 108.5 0.50 South Africa 247.0 38.00 Swaziland 8.0 0.80 Total 383.5 43.12 Sources: See country reports. 11. Jonker Klunne, W. (2013). Lesotho. In World Small Hydropower Development Report 2013, Liu, H., Masera, D. and Esser, L., eds. United Nations Industrial Development Organization; International Center on Small Hydro Power. 12. Maia J., Giordano T., et al (2011). Green Jobs: An estimate of the direct employment potential of a greening South African economy. Industrial Development Corporation, Development Bank of Southern Africa, Trade and Industrial Policy Strategies. Available from www.idc.co.za/projects/Greenjobs.pdf. Note i. Please note that Mozambique, Zambia, Malawi and Zimbabwe which are in the UN region, of Eastern Africa, are also members of SAPP. References 1. International Renewable Energy Agency (2011). Renewable Energy Profiles: Africa, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. 2. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/ 3. International Energy Agency (2011). World Energy Outlook. Available from www.worldenergyoutlook.org/. 4. Jonker Klunne, W. (2013). Swaziland. In World Small Hydropower Development Report 2013, Liu, H., Masera, D. and Esser, L., eds. United Nations Industrial Development Organization; International Center on Small Hydro Power. 5. Clean Energy Portal - Reegle (2011). Clean Energy Profiles. Available from www.reegle.info/countries/ 6. International Journal on Hydropower and Dams (2011). World Atlas and Industry Guide 2011. Surrey, UK: Aquamedia International 7. Jonker Klunne, W. (2012) South Africa Country Report. See within this publication. 8. Swaziland Energy Regulation Authority . Electricity Sector. Available from www.sera.org.sz 9. Taele, B. M., Mokhutšoane, L., and Hapazari, I. (2012). An overview of small hydropower development in Lesotho: Challenges and prospects. Renewable Energy, 2012 (1) 10. NamPower (2011). Annual Report. Available from www.nampower.com.na/docs/annualreports/Final%20Annual%20Report.pdf. 96
1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, South Africa Key facts Population 1,930,493 1 Area 30,300 km 2 Climate Topography Rain Pattern Temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers Of the total land mass, 1/4 in the west is lowland country, the remaining 3/4 are highlands 2 The lowest average annual precipitation occurs in the Senqu River Valley (450 mm) and the highest in the northeastern mountains zones (1,300 mm). The amount of precipitation received is highly variable in both time and space resulting in regular occurrences of droughts and floods. High intensity rainfall often leads to flash floods that accelerate soil erosion causing high sediment loads in rivers. Snowfall occurs annually over the mountain tops and once every three years in the lowlands. Electricity sector overview Lesotho does not have any known indigenous sources of oil, coal or natural gas. About three quarters of its total energy demand is met by biomass fuels in the forms of wood, shrubs, animals manure and agricultural residues. The only other fuels consumed in significant quantities are mineral coal and paraffin. The electricity sector is thus relatively small (3 per cent of total energy consumed) with an installed capacity of only 76 MW, mainly from the Muela hydropower plant linked to and managed by the Lesotho Highlands Development Authority water scheme to provide water to South Africa. As the Muela hydropower plant is connected to the South African Eskom (Electricity Supply Commission in South Africa) grid and not to the main Lesotho electricity grid, the country is highly dependent on Eskom and it’s a net importer of electricity (figure 1). Maximum peak load in the system stands at around 125 MW. Imported electricity Hydropower 37.5% 62.5% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Lesotho Note: Imported electricity from Eskom South Africa 97 In 2011, only about 22 per cent of households had access to electricity, with most of these being in urban areas. 3 The Government has set a goal of increasing electrification rate to 35 per cent of total households by 2015 and 40 per cent by 2020. The Electricity Supply Industry in Lesotho is regulated by the Lesotho Electricity Authority (LEA). LEA is an independent regulator responsible for issuing licences, approving electricity tariffs, setting and monitoring quality of supply and service standards, and resolving disputes between suppliers and customers. LEA has the authority to regulate all aspects of the industry, including the generation, transmission, distribution, supply, import and export of electricity. 4 Lesotho currently trades exclusively with Eskom. As a member of the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) Independent Power Producer- in Lesotho are, in theory, allowed, to sell to other buyers of electricity as well. 4 Electricity is supplied to customers by the Lesotho Electricity Company (LEC). The LEC is a parastatal entity established under the Electricity Act 7 of 1969, and is empowered to distribute, transmit and supply electricity. The Lesotho Highlands Water Development Authority (LHWDA) is the agency responsible for the generation of hydropower from the Muela hydropower station. The roles and responsibilities of these two bodies are set out in the 1993 Policy on the LHWDA/LEC interface. 3 Small hydropower sector overview and potential All locally generated electricity in Lesotho is hydropower based, with the 72 MW Muela plant providing most of it. Currently only augmented by two mini hydropower plants. The Lesotho Highlands Water project does offer opportunities for more hydropower developments and several studies have been conducted on possible pumped-storage plants as well. SHP installed capacity SHP potential 3.82 MW 20 MW 0 5 10 15 20 25 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Lesotho Sources: Clean Energy Portal – Reegle 3 , Taele, Mokhutšoane and Hapazari 5 It is estimated that the large-scale hydropower generation potential for Lesotho is approximately 450 MW. The potential for small-scale hydropower plants in Lesotho has been investigated in a number of studies. By 1990 a total capacity of 20 MW had been identified at 22 sites for both mini- and microhydropower (figure 2). 5 French company Sogreah
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
Page 61 and 62: Different donor agencies have assis
Page 63 and 64: 1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
Page 65 and 66: 5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
Page 67 and 68: Table 1 Installed small hydropower
Page 69 and 70: newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
Page 71 and 72: 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
Page 73 and 74: Table 2 Potential small hydropower
Page 75 and 76: 1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
Page 77 and 78: the challenge remains as to whether
Page 79 and 80: Francis turbine. Project commission
Page 81 and 82: 1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
Page 83 and 84: 1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
Page 85 and 86: out according to social, economic a
Page 87 and 88: avaged by vandals for parts and cop
Page 89 and 90: 1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
Page 91 and 92: 1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
Page 93 and 94: 1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
Page 95 and 96: 1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
Page 97 and 98: 1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
Page 99 and 100: 1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
Page 101 and 102: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 103 and 104: SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
Page 105 and 106: 16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
Page 107 and 108: construction and the project will b
Page 109 and 110: Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
Page 111: 1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
Page 115 and 116: and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
Page 117 and 118: oth present and future”. Should t
Page 119 and 120: 1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
Page 121 and 122: hydropower in South Africa and the
Page 123 and 124: Integrated resource plan for electr
Page 125 and 126: Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
Page 127 and 128: 1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
Page 129 and 130: Trust funds for renewable energy te
Page 131 and 132: According to a 2010 analysis for in
Page 133 and 134: consumption, as well as cost deprec
Page 135 and 136: Sustainable energy through developi
Page 137 and 138: enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
Page 139 and 140: Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
Page 141 and 142: 1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
Page 143 and 144: 1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
Page 145 and 146: 1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
Page 147 and 148: 3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
Page 149 and 150: The only small hydropower station i
Page 151 and 152: 1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
Page 153 and 154: 2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
Page 155 and 156: potential for small hydropower prov
Page 157 and 158: 2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
Page 159 and 160: 2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
Page 161 and 162: 2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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