WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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organizations, and public and private agencies. It has already made a positive impact, significantly improving energy efficiency and increasing the proportion of renewable energy, while becoming a major driving force behind innovation in Switzerland's economy. 4 The term ‘renewable energy’ refers both to conventional hydropower and to other ‘new’ forms of renewable energy. The proportion of the latter to Switzerland's overall energy consumption is still very modest today, but thanks to technological progress, increasing economic competitiveness and the positive image of renewable energy, its growth prospects are excellent, both in the near future and over the long term. The introduction in 2008 of remuneration at cost for input into the grid will give electricity from renewable energy sources a considerable boost. On 23 March 2007, the Parliament revised the Swiss Federal Energy Act at the same time as it adopted the Swiss Federal Electricity Supply Act. The revised Energy Act stipulates that the production of electricity from renewable energy sources must be increased by at least 5,400 GWh by 2030. It also contains a package of measures for promoting renewable energy and efficient electricity use. Here the most significant measure concerns cost-covering feed-in tariffs for electricity produced from renewable energy sources. The sum of around 247 million Swiss francs (about US$261.5 million) per annum will be available for offsetting the difference between remuneration and market price. This form of remuneration is to apply to the following technologies: hydropower (up to 10 MW), photovoltaic, wind energy, geothermal energy, biomass and waste material from biomass. The tariffs for remuneration for electricity from renewable energy sources (green power) have been specified on the basis of reference facilities for each technology and output category. Remuneration will be applicable for a period of 20-25 years, depending on the technology. A gradual downward curve is foreseen for these tariffs in view of the anticipated technological progress and the fact that it will be possible to bring more and more of these technologies onto the market. These reductions will only apply to registered production facilities, which will then receive remuneration on the basis of a constant tariff throughout the entire period of remuneration. Producers who decide in favour of the cost-covering remuneration option cannot simultaneously sell their green power on the free ecological electricity market. The provisions governing cost-covering remuneration are laid down in the amended Swiss Federal Energy Ordinance and came into effect on 1 January 2009. Facilities that were put into operation after 1 January 2006 can benefit from this form of remuneration, and their operators can register these facilities with Swissgrid (the national network operator). Information about the registration procedure can be found on the Swissgrid website. 5 Legislation on small hydropower The framework conditions for hydropower development are defined within different Federal Acts and Decrees. The most important are Bundesgesetz über die Fischerei, (Federal Act of fishery), Gewässerschutz- Gesetz (Federal Act of water protection), Natur- und Heimatschutzgesetz (Federal Act of Nature and Homeland protection), Umweltschutzgesetz (Federal act of environmental protection), Raumplanungsgesetz (Federal Act of spatial planning) and Waldgesetz (Federal Act of Forestry protection). Water usage rights are awarded by the Cantons, sometimes even at district or community level. It is within their responsibility to assess the legality and sustainability of the project. This decentralization leads to different decision practices from location to location. Barriers to small hydropower development In each canton, the procedure to obtain water usage rights is different, which makes it a challenge for investors and planners for every single project. In some cantons, the water usage rights are awarded even at community level (but normally need at least acceptance from the canton). This requires a lot of experience to assess the feasibility of a project and the required steps for implementation. Since the introduction of the new FIT, the sector is booming and caused work overload at planning offices and public authorities. The water protection stakeholders feared many new water constructions and the loss of the remaining natural open water bodies. Public authorities reacted with guidelines for the assessment of a project, which protects on one hand natural regions but stopped as well sustainable planned projects without considering them in detail. Due to the high demand for engineering services and hydropower equipment prices rose drastically and stopped projects because of the lack of profitability. References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook. 2. Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss (2008). Swiss climate - A Short Overview. 404
Available from www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/web/en/climate/swiss_clim ate/swiss_climate_overview.html. 3. Bundesamt für Energie (2012). Schweizerische Elektrizitätsstatistik 2011. Available from www.bfe.admin.ch/themen/00526/00541/00542/00630 /index.html?lang=en&dossier_id=00769. Accessed December 2012. 4. Swiss Federal Office of Energy (n.d.). The SwissEnergy Programme. Available from www.bfe.admin.ch/energie/00458/index.html?lang=en. 5. Swiss Grid (2012). The Swiss Electricity Grid: The Backbone of Electricity Supply. March 2012 edition. Available from http://www.swissgrid.ch/content/swissgrid/en/. 6. Swiss Federal Office of Energy (n.d.). Hydropower. Available from www.bfe.admin.ch/themen/00490/00491/index.html?l ang=en&dossier_id=01049. 7. Volken, T., Head of the Section Energy Policy Instruments at Swiss Federal Office of Energy (2011). Presentation at the Pusch Congress. 24 November 2011. 405
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 369 and 370: 5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
Page 371 and 372: 4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
Page 373 and 374: 4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
Page 375 and 376: 4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
Page 377 and 378: 4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
Page 379 and 380: Despite the issues which adversely
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Page 383 and 384: No. 9072 (last amended in November
Page 385 and 386: 7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
Page 387 and 388: Renewable energy policy Using renew
Page 389 and 390: development of small water currents
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Page 393 and 394: Legislation on small hydropower The
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Page 397 and 398: Licensing procedure suitable for sm
Page 399 and 400: Renewable energy policy Serbia has
Page 401 and 402: €93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
Page 403 and 404: growing difficulty to obtain the ne
Page 405 and 406: Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
Page 407 and 408: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 409 and 410: The Stream Map Project recommends t
Page 411 and 412: action. It will be also a good tool
Page 413 and 414: 4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
Page 415 and 416: 4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
Page 417 and 418: 4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
Page 419: 4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
Page 423 and 424: For New Zealand, the remaining pote
Page 425 and 426: Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
Page 427 and 428: 5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
Page 429 and 430: 5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
Page 431 and 432: The Government of Fiji developed a
Page 433 and 434: Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
Page 435 and 436: 5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
Page 437 and 438: 5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
Page 439 and 440: 5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
Page 441 and 442: organizations and foreign governmen
Page 443 and 444: Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
Page 445 and 446: In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
Page 447 and 448: Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
Page 449 and 450: 5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
Page 451 and 452: List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
Page 453 and 454: South America 178 1 Overview of cou
Page 455 and 456: Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
Page 457 and 458: 67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
Page 459 and 460: 155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
Page 461 and 462: 254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
Page 463 and 464: 347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
Page 465 and 466: 431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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