WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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5. France Hydro Electricité (2009). Les débits non turbinés (in French). Available from www.france-hydro-electricite.fr/lenergie-hydraulique/lhydroelectricite-en-france/le-debit-reserve. 6. Legifrance (2012). Arrêté du 10 août 2012 définissant le programme d'investissement des installations de production hydroélectrique prévu à l'article L. 314-2 du code de l'énergie. Available from www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFT EXT000026345033&dateTexte=&categorieLien=id (in French). 396
4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydropower Association, Stream Map Key facts Population 81,305,856 1 Area 357,022km 2 Climate Temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind Topography Lowlands in north, uplands in centre, Bavarian Alps in south Rain pattern The average annual precipitation is 789 mm. Decrease of rainfall from west to east 2 Electricity sector overview Gross power production in Germany was 612 TWh in 2011 with lignite, coal and nuclear dominating the electricity mix (figure 1). In September 2012, the power plant list of the Federal Network Agency included a gross capacity of 172.4 GW (71.22 GW from renewable power sources, 67.5 GW are eligible under the Act on Granting Priority to Renewable Energy Sources (EEG, Erneuerbare-Energien Gesetz). 3 1% 3% 3% 5% 5% 8% 14% 18% 19% 25% Biogenic Hydro Photovoltaic Biomass Heating Oil, Wind Natural Gas Nuclear Energy Hard Coal Lignite 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Germany Source: Federal Ministry of Economy and Technology 4 Small hydropower sector overview and potential In 2010, Germany had 7,512 small hydropower plants and a total installed capacity of 1,732 MW (8,043 GWh) (figure 2). By 2020, the aim is to have 7,800 plants with a total installed capacity of 1,830 MW (8,600 GWh). SHP installed capacity SHP potential 1732 MW 1830 MW 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Germany Note: Potential is based on planned capacity by 2020. Renewable energy policy Electricity from renewable sources is supported through a feed-in tariff (FIT). The criteria for eligibility and the tariff levels are set out in the Act on Granting Priority to Renewable Energy Sources (EEG). The EEG also introduced the so-called market premium and the flexibility premium for plant operators who directly sell their electricity from renewable sources. Moreover, low interest loans for investments in new plants are provided for by Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) Renewable Energy Programme Standard. 5 A new EEG is on the way with adjusted goals, which will keep the goal of 80 per cent renewable sources in electricity production in 2050. It is, however, already now foreseeable, that the minimum goal of 35 per cent renewable sources in 2020 will be surpassed. 6 Legislation on small hydropower Generally the residual flow is regulated to be 30 per cent of mean low water flow. There are no water use fees. Concession fees differ from Federal State to Federal State, e.g. €10,000 (about US$13,000) for 150 kW concession in the state of Hesse. The duration of new concessions is a minimum of 20 years up to a maximum of 30 years. The duration of FIT is 20 years, while the tariffs are revised every four years. Starting 1 January 2012, the FIT will be increased by about 10 per cent to: 12.7 euro cents/kWh < 500 kW 8.3 euro cents/kWh < 2 MW 6.3 euro cents/kWh < 5 MW 5.5 euro cents/kWh < 10 MW 5.3 euro cents/kWh < 20 MW Barriers to small hydropower development Currently, no further change in support schemes, permitting ease, and simplification of administration procedures are underway. The role of small hydropower (standby energy, storage capacity) in future smart grids is not yet sufficiently recognized and therefore not supported by legislative and administrative activity. Environmental concerns remain, being voiced by various stakeholders (e.g. NGO, fishing clubs, local stakeholders). The EU Renewable Energy Framework Directive has had no positive impact, while the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) has had a negative impact on small hydropower development. The WFD directive will be transposed into German law until 2015. The following mitigation measures regarding environmental impacts are currently focused on: upstream/downstream fish ladders, smaller distance between bars of rake cleaners 397
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
Page 361 and 362: 4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
Page 363 and 364: 4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
Page 365 and 366: 4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 367 and 368: 4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 369 and 370: 5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
Page 371 and 372: 4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
Page 373 and 374: 4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
Page 375 and 376: 4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
Page 377 and 378: 4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
Page 379 and 380: Despite the issues which adversely
Page 381 and 382: characteristic has provided the Gov
Page 383 and 384: No. 9072 (last amended in November
Page 385 and 386: 7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
Page 387 and 388: Renewable energy policy Using renew
Page 389 and 390: development of small water currents
Page 391 and 392: changes should be scheduled and tim
Page 393 and 394: Legislation on small hydropower The
Page 395 and 396: development and construction of sma
Page 397 and 398: Licensing procedure suitable for sm
Page 399 and 400: Renewable energy policy Serbia has
Page 401 and 402: €93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
Page 403 and 404: growing difficulty to obtain the ne
Page 405 and 406: Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
Page 407 and 408: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 409 and 410: The Stream Map Project recommends t
Page 411: action. It will be also a good tool
Page 415 and 416: 4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
Page 417 and 418: 4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
Page 419 and 420: 4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
Page 421 and 422: Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
Page 423 and 424: For New Zealand, the remaining pote
Page 425 and 426: Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
Page 427 and 428: 5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
Page 429 and 430: 5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
Page 431 and 432: The Government of Fiji developed a
Page 433 and 434: Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
Page 435 and 436: 5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
Page 437 and 438: 5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
Page 439 and 440: 5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
Page 441 and 442: organizations and foreign governmen
Page 443 and 444: Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
Page 445 and 446: In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
Page 447 and 448: Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
Page 449 and 450: 5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
Page 451 and 452: List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
Page 453 and 454: South America 178 1 Overview of cou
Page 455 and 456: Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
Page 457 and 458: 67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
Page 459 and 460: 155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
Page 461 and 462: 254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
Page 465 and 466:
431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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