WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/. 2. Porter P. Lowry II (1996). Diversity, Endemism and Extinction in the Flora and Vegetation of New Caledonia. Paper presented at the International Symposium entitled Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Floras of Asia and the Pacific Rim, Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, 30 April to 4 May 1996. Taiwan. Available from www.mobot.org/mobot/research/newcaledonia/cale donia.html. 3. La Société Néo-Calédonienne d’Energie (2011). Production 2010. ENERCAL. Available from www.enercal.nc/le-systeme-electrique-dupays/production-2010.html. 4. Direction de l'Industrie, des Mines et de l'Energie (n.d.). La maîtrise de l'énergie’. Available from www.dimenc.gouv.nc/portal/page/portal/dimenc/ene rgie/schema_energie_climat. 5. International Journal on Hydropower and Dams (2011). World Atlas and Industry Guide 2011. Surrey, UK: Aquamedia International. 6. Direction de I’Industrie, Des Mines et de I’Energie de Nouvelle-Calédonie (2012). Enérgie. Available from www.dimenc.gouv.nc/portal/page/portal/dimenc/. 420
5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser, International Center on Small Hydro Power Key facts Population 6,310,129 1 Area 462,840 km 2 Climate Tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation 1 Topography Over 600 islands, immense physical variety and various types, e.g. alluvial, continental, coral, raised coral and volcanic. Mostly mountainous islands with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills 1 Rain pattern On the mainland, mean annual rainfall ranges from less than 2,000 mm to 8,000 mm in some mountainous areas. 2 Electricity sector overview Papua New Guinea Power (PNG Power) is responsible for the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity throughout the country. Papua New Guinea Power operates three main interconnected systems, namely Port Moresby, Ramu (Lae-Madang-Goroka- Mount Hagen) and the Gazelle Peninsula, which are mainly based on fossil fuels (figure 1). It also runs 19 other smaller provincial systems. There are approximately a hundred small rural supply systems called C-centres – the number varies depending on the source – at the government administration centres, electrified through isolated diesel, small hydropower and occasionally photovoltaic (PV) Geothermal 11% Gas 16% Hydro 25% Oil 48% systems. 1 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Papua New Guinea Source: Clean Energy Portal 3 Rural electrification policy guidelines were developed in 1993 to address a number of issues, including the low rural electrification rate (under 10 per cent of households), high costs and high government subsidies to C-centres, exorbitant costs of grid connections and the relative effectiveness of electrification at religious mission’s stations compared to government initiatives. The guidelines advocated decentralized diesel or petrol generators, micro- and mini-hydropower systems where feasible, and PV. A 2001 draft of the National Rural Electrification Policy noted that rural electrification was a national priority under the government’s development strategy and structural adjustment programme. The Government has begun the process of preparing a National Electricity Policy, which will focus on private sector participation and competition, particularly in generation activities and rural electrification. 3 The Electricity Industry Policy was adopted in December 2011; its key elements focus on attracting the private sector to contribute to new power generation facilities, increasing movement towards cost-reflective pricing and transferring the regulation of the sector to the Department of Petroleum and Energy (DPE). 4 Small hydropower sector overview and potential There are currently nine small-, mini- and microhydropower plants in operation, with a total capacity of 20.2 MW. Several projects are in the phase of planning. The small hydropower potential has been estimated at about 153 MW, covering more than 79 schemes (figure 2). 5 SHP installed capacity SHP potential 20.2 MW 0 50 100 150 153 MW Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Papua New Guinea ELCOM (now Papua New Guinea Power) carried out numerous feasibility studies to replace small diesel systems with small hydropower in the 1980s to 1990s, but none were developed due to high costs. The Energy Division of Department of Minerals and Energy (DME) had assessed 45 potential hydro sites near C-centres by 1987, completed 14 feasibility studies and commissioned three small hydropower systems (capacities ranging between 60 kW and 300 kW) by 1992. Apparently none have been constructed since then. Church missions, NGOs and community organizations have built a number of small hydropower systems but documentation is imprecise. The Pacific Islands Renewable Energy Project (PIREP) mission estimates that there may have been as many as 200 single household size pico-, micro- and minihydropower systems installed in rural Papua New Guinea between 1960 and 2004, of which perhaps 20- 25 per cent are still functioning, about 20 to 25 systems on Bougainville and roughly the same number throughout the rest of Papua New Guinea. Many more are planned if funding can be found. 2 A 1985 New Zealand Aid (NZAID) supported a DME assessment of mini-hydro potential near to 110 load centres in 17 provinces. Investigations were carried 421
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
Page 385 and 386: 7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Page 393 and 394: Legislation on small hydropower The
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Page 397 and 398: Licensing procedure suitable for sm
Page 399 and 400: Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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Page 403 and 404: growing difficulty to obtain the ne
Page 405 and 406: Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
Page 407 and 408: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 409 and 410: The Stream Map Project recommends t
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Page 413 and 414: 4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
Page 415 and 416: 4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
Page 417 and 418: 4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
Page 419 and 420: 4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
Page 421 and 422: Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
Page 423 and 424: For New Zealand, the remaining pote
Page 425 and 426: Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
Page 427 and 428: 5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
Page 429 and 430: 5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
Page 431 and 432: The Government of Fiji developed a
Page 433 and 434: Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
Page 435: 5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
Page 439 and 440: 5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
Page 441 and 442: organizations and foreign governmen
Page 443 and 444: Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
Page 445 and 446: In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
Page 447 and 448: Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
Page 449 and 450: 5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
Page 451 and 452: List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
Page 453 and 454: South America 178 1 Overview of cou
Page 455 and 456: Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
Page 457 and 458: 67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
Page 459 and 460: 155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
Page 461 and 462: 254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
Page 463 and 464: 347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
Page 465 and 466: 431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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