WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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Table 1 Installed small hydropower capacity up to 10 MW in Lebanon River Plant Year Capacity (MW) Storage Annual generation up to 1975 (GWh) Kadisha Blaouza 1961 8.4 Daily 31 Abu Ali 1933 7.4 Daily 22 Mar 1952 3.1 None 10 Lichaa Bcharre 1929 1.6 None 6 Ibrahim Ibrahim 1950 5 None 22 3 Bared 2 a 1962 3.7 None 14 Jaouz Chekka 1950 5.3 None 17 Kalb Hraiche a 1953 1.9 None .. Bardouni Wadi el 1923 1.1 None .. Arayech a Source: Green Line Association 10 Note: a. Power plants are either partially or fully out of service. Table 2 Planned small hydropower plants up to 10 MW in Lebanon River SHP Plant Capacity (MW) Litani Bisri 6.0 Safa Rchmaya 4.5 Assi Yammouneh a 10.0 Bared Ksaim 5.0 Abou Ali Bchenine 4.0 Total 29.5 Source: Green Line Association 10 Note: a. Construction about to start Renewable energy policy Currently, only hydropower is being used to produce clean energy in Lebanon. From 2010, a policy paper contains plans to introduce wind power through the private sector. The estimated production within three years is 60 MW to 100 MW with an estimated cost of US$115-US$195 million. The goal of the Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) has set a target to achieve a 12-per cent production of renewable energy by 2020. 9 11 12 Barriers The policy paper recommends the start of a prefeasibility study on photovoltaic farms in Lebanon, which is now underway. These studies helped the MEW to launch a tender for building photovoltaic farms in Lebanon by February 2013. The MEW plans to advocate the use of solar water heaters by establishing an innovative financing scheme in collaboration with the banking sector. The policy paper encourages both the public and the private sectors to adopt incineration technologies to produce electricity from waste. This sector requires three to four years to be implemented and would produce 15 MW to 20 MW with an estimated budget of US$30- 13 14 US$50 million. to small hydropower development With regard to uses of the water resource, there is a need to evaluate several factors including energy needs, irrigation and domestic water demand. The average rainfall in the 1996‐2000 period is between 9 per cent and 14 per cent lower than the average. More water is diverted for irrigation purposes and therefore not available for other uses. This has resulted in a significant decrease in hydropower generation. 10 References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Washington, D.C. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/. 2. Arkadan, A.R.M. (2009). Climatic Changes in Lebanon, Predicting Uncertain Precipitation Events. Do climatic cycles exist? Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol 11. 3. Fardoun, Farouk, Oussama Ibrahim, Hasna Louahlia- Gualous and Rafic Younes (2013). Energy status in Lebanon and electricity generation reform plan based on cost and pollution optimization. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 20, pp. 255–278. 4. Houri, A. (2006). Prospects and challenges of using hydropower for electricity generation in Lebanon. Renewable Energy, Vol. 31, pp. 1686–1697. 5. El-Fadel, R., G. Hammond, H. Harajli, C. Jones, Y. Kabakian and A. Winnett(2010). The Lebanese electricity system in the context of sustainable development. Energy Policy, Vol. 38, No. 2 (February), pp. 751–761. 6. Abi Said, C. (2005). Electric Energy and Energy Policy in Lebanon. Beirut. 7. International Institute for Energy Conservation (2008). Approach to green-house gas emission reduction analysis. Project 0013385. Bangkok. 8. Habib, Osama (2011). Electricity plan: First ray of hope for Lebanese? 9 September. Available from www.dailystar.com.lb/Business/Lebanon/2011/Sep- 09/148306-electricity-plan-first-ray-of-hope-forlebanese.ashx#axzz2H0npVBbG. 9. Lebanon, Ministry of Energy and Water (2010). The Minister: Jebran Bassil Policy Paper for the Electricity Sector. Beirut. 10. Green Line Association (2007). Status and Potentials of Renewable Energy Technologies in Lebanon and the Region. Beirut. Available from http://greenline.org.lb/new/pdf_files/document_1_fi nal_re_study.pdf. 11. Companies Hope to Build Wind Farms in Lebanon (2012). The Daily Star, 17 October. Available from www.dailystar.com.lb/Business/Lebanon/2012/Oct- 17/191684-companies-hope-to-build-wind-farms-inlebanon.ashx#axzz2H0npVBbG. Access January 2013. 12. Hassan, Garrad (2011). The National Wind Atlas of Lebanon. United Nation Development Programme. 310
13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and Water (2010). Policy Paper for the Electricity Sector. Beirut. 14. Lebanon: PV Farm to be Built (2012). United Kingdom Trade and Investment, 12 December. Available from http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107 234024/http://www.ukti.gov.uk/uktihome/businesso pportunity/418300.html. 311
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Page 277 and 278: 3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
Page 279 and 280: Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
Page 281 and 282: Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
Page 283 and 284: 3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
Page 285 and 286: presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
Page 287 and 288: Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
Page 289 and 290: 3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
Page 291 and 292: 3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
Page 293 and 294: 3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
Page 295 and 296: The International Finance Corporati
Page 297 and 298: 5. To enhance awareness on the role
Page 299 and 300: sustainability in policy is expecte
Page 301 and 302: ecent policy shift by the National
Page 303 and 304: 2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
Page 305 and 306: 3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
Page 307 and 308: Sustainable Development On the Run
Page 309 and 310: comparison with other energy source
Page 311 and 312: Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
Page 313 and 314: 3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
Page 315 and 316: 3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
Page 317 and 318: 3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
Page 319 and 320: Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
Page 321 and 322: The Ministry of Water Resources is
Page 323 and 324: Table 1 Small hydropower potential
Page 325: 3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
Page 329 and 330: Small hydropower potential in Turke
Page 331 and 332: 4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
Page 333 and 334: 2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
Page 335 and 336: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 337 and 338: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 339 and 340: parameters are taken into account.
Page 341 and 342: The development of hydropower plant
Page 343 and 344: 2. European Small Hydropower Associ
Page 345 and 346: Renewable energy policy According t
Page 347 and 348: 4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
Page 349 and 350: 4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
Page 351 and 352: 11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
Page 353 and 354: Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
Page 355 and 356: References 1. Central Intelligence
Page 357 and 358: Regional overview and potential All
Page 359 and 360: 4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
Page 361 and 362: 4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
Page 363 and 364: 4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
Page 365 and 366: 4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 367 and 368: 4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 369 and 370: 5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
Page 371 and 372: 4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
Page 373 and 374: 4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
Page 375 and 376: 4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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