WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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Renewable energy policy In Energy Act of 2006 and the FIT policy, there is a commitment to promote electricity generation from renewable energy sources. The Government intends to set up a Green Energy Fund Facility under the National Task Force on Accelerated Development of Green Energy with the purpose to lend funds to viable Renewable Energy projects at concessional rates. 6 The National Renewable Energy Development Strategy, as set in the Least Cost Power Development Plan (LCPDP), Rural Electrification Master Plan, the Kenya National Climate Change Response Strategy and Kenya Vision 2030, reiterates the commitment to accelerate the use of renewable energy. 10 Legislation on small hydropower The Kenyan Government, through the Ministry of Energy, supports small hydropower by continuously collecting hydrological data, undertaking pre-feasibility and feasibility studies of viable sites, enabling dissemination of information on small hydropower. It is also creating investor and consumer awareness on the economic potential offered as an alternative source of energy and is implementing community-based pilot projects where feasible to promote acceptance. In 2008, a FIT policy (revised in January 2010) was developed to attract investment and development of small and mini hydropower plants. 11 Table 2 Small hydropower feed-in tariffs in Kenya Plant capacity (MW) Maximum firm power tariff (US$/kWh) at the interconnection point Maximum non-firm power tariff (US$/kWh) at the interconnection point Small 0.50-0.99 0.12 0.10 hydro 1.00-5.00 0.10 0.08 5.10–100 0.08 0.06 Sources: Scaling up Renewable Energy Programme 12 , Republic of Kenya 6 , Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis 2 A stepped fixed FIT applies to electricity generated from small hydropower and supplied in bulk to the grid operator at the interconnection point, as shown in table 2. The tariffs are granted for 20 years from the date of commissioning of the small hydropower plant. The firm power tariff applies to the first 150 MW of small hydro, firm power generating stations developed in the country. The non-firm power tariff applies to the first 50 MW of small hydro non-firm power generating stations developed in the country. The tariff applies to individual small hydropower plants with effective generation capacity not exceeding 10 MW. IPPs are taking advantage of the FIT to generate and sell power. Previously, none of the IPPs generated power using hydro, but Imenti mini hydro has been the first IPP to generate and sell power to the national grid. According to the LCPDP revised document of 2011, about 19 expression of interest have been received at Energy Regulatory Commission of which 16 have been approved giving an expected capacity of 81 MW. Only two have negotiated a PPA and out the two only one, a 0.9 MW plant, has started generating electricity. The Government is removing existing legal and regulatory barriers and has amended the Electric Power Act of 1997 to allow vertically integrated mini-grid systems for rural electrification using small hydropower even in areas where licences have been issued to the public electricity supplier. 13 For capacities between 100 and 3,000 kW permits for generation are required, rather than licences. For capacities lower than 100 kW, no permit will be required. 14 Other strategies include: Promoting research, development, and demonstration of the manufacture of cost effective small hydro technologies; Removing duties on imported small hydropower hardware; Formulating and enforcing standards and codes of practice on small hydropower to safeguard consumer interests; Promoting development of local capacity for manufacture, installation, maintenance and operation of small hydropower technologies hydropower turbines; Providing tax incentives to producers of small hydropower technologies and related accessories; Providing fiscal incentives to financial institutions that offer credit facilities for the development of small hydropower schemes. Barriers to small hydropower development In order to encourage the development of small hydropower in the country, the following areas can be improved: High installation cost averaging US$3,000 per kW, inadequate hydrological data, the effects of climate change, deforestation and degradation of water catchments areas, and the limited local capacity and infrastructure to manufacture small hydro components combined impede development of small-scale hydropower in Kenya. Electro-mechanical equipment for the small hydropower schemes has to be imported from other countries, especially Asia and Europe. 26
Financial institutions are not willing to lend the whole small hydropower project amount upfront because of high risks associated with funding community projects, hence hindering development at this level. Also, for community-managed small hydropower schemes, maintenance and management remains a challenge. 14. Mureithi, James (2006). Developing Small Hydropower Infrastructure in Kenya. Presentation at the 2 nd Small Hydropower for Today Conference INSHP. Hangzhou, 22 -25 April. Note i. According to the World Energy Outlook 2011, electricity access for Kenya is reported to be 16.1 per cent. References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/. 2. Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (2010). A Comprehensive Study and Analysis on Energy Consumption Patterns in Kenya. Nairobi. Available from www.cofek.co.ke/ERCStudy_ExecSummary_02082010.p df. 3. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics and Communications Commission of Kenya (2011). National ICT Survey <strong>Report</strong> 2010. Nairobi. Available from http://cck.go.ke/resc/downloads/REPORT_OF_THE_NAT IONAL_ICT_SURVEY_2010.pdf. 4. Kenya, Ministry of Energy (2012). National Energy Policy. 3 rd Draft. Nairobi. 5. Balla, P. (2006). National Study on Small Hydro Power Development: Status and Potential of Small Hydro Power Development in the Tea Industry in Kenya. Draft report presented to AFREPREN. 6. Republic of Kenya (2011). Updated least cost power development plan study period 2011-2031. Nairobi. 7. Ombok, Eric (2010). Kenya Tea Development Agency Plans to Build 10 Mini-Hydropower Projects. Daily Nation, 24 September. 8. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (2010). Independent Thematic Review: UNIDO Projects for the Promotion of Small Hydro Power for Productive Use. January. Sales No. OSL/EVA/R.1. 9. Government of Kenya (2004). Sessional Paper No.4 of 2004 on Energy. Nairobi. 10. Kenya, Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources (2010). National Climate Change Response Strategy. Nairobi. 11. Kenya, Ministry of Energy (2010). Feed-in-Tariffs Policy on Wind, Biomass, Small-hydro, Geothermal, Biogas and Solar Resource Generated Electricity. Nairobi 12. Kenya, Ministry of Energy (2011). Scaling Up Renewable Energy Programme. Nairobi. 13. Government of Kenya (1998). The Electric Power Act, 1997. Nairobi. 27
Page 1: World Small Hydropower Development
Page 5 and 6: Published in 2013 by United Nations
Page 7 and 8: in the World Small Hydropower Devel
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
Page 11 and 12: JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
Page 13 and 14: 86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
Page 15 and 16: 301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
Page 17 and 18: Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
Page 19 and 20: electrification, building micro-hyd
Page 21 and 22: potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
Page 23 and 24: A range of barriers exist in Southe
Page 25 and 26: The Renewable Energy Directive has
Page 27 and 28: The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
Page 29 and 30: Introduction A world-first assessme
Page 31 and 32: Small hydropower definition Countri
Page 33 and 34: 12. United Nations Environment Prog
Page 35 and 36: small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
Page 37 and 38: 1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
Page 39 and 40: potential developers, since their p
Page 41: Notes: Listed are only operational
Page 45 and 46: Table 1 Installed small hydropower
Page 47 and 48: 10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
Page 49 and 50: the district of Mulanje. The Agency
Page 51 and 52: 1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
Page 53 and 54: 1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
Page 55 and 56: with local entrepreneurs to extend
Page 57 and 58: 1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
Page 59 and 60: 1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
Page 61 and 62: Different donor agencies have assis
Page 63 and 64: 1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
Page 65 and 66: 5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
Page 67 and 68: Table 1 Installed small hydropower
Page 69 and 70: newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
Page 71 and 72: 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
Page 73 and 74: Table 2 Potential small hydropower
Page 75 and 76: 1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
Page 77 and 78: the challenge remains as to whether
Page 79 and 80: Francis turbine. Project commission
Page 81 and 82: 1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
Page 83 and 84: 1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
Page 85 and 86: out according to social, economic a
Page 87 and 88: avaged by vandals for parts and cop
Page 89 and 90: 1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
Page 91 and 92: 1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
Page 93 and 94:
1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
Page 461 and 462:
254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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