WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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Difficulties and high costs for small hydropower connection to the secondary (medium voltage) grids because of lack of transportation capacity on existing lines, thus hindering the transport to the main grid lines; Small/mini hydropower schemes are generally projected in remote areas near the Andes Mountains, without grids nearby. The main political barrier is the lack of a clear energy development programme for the country. References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook 2009. Washington, D.C. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ 2. Chile, Ministerio de Energía (n.d.). Electrification rate. Available from www.minergia.cl. 3. Chile, Comisión Nacional de Energía (2011). Estadísticas Energéticas. Available from www.cne.cl/estadisticas/energia/electricidad. 4. Organización Latinoamericana de Energía (2012). 2012 Energy Statistics <strong>Report</strong>. Quito. 5. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Generación Eléctrica. Available from www.ine.cl. 6. Estrategia (<strong>2013</strong>). Proyectos de generación por 99 MW de potencia entrarían en operación durante mayo en el SIC, 14 Mayo. Available from www.estrategia.cl/detalle_noticia.php?cod=79063. 7. Asociación de Pequeñas y Medianas Centrales Hidroeléctricas (2012). May 2012 bulletin. Available from www.apemec.cl/images/stories/publicaciones/publica ciones-especiales/2012.05.14-EE-apemec-mayo- 2012.pdf. 8. The Clinic (2010). Citizen Technical Parliamentary for the Policy and Electric Matrix Commission, 8 December. Available from www.theclinic.cl. 9. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and Multilateral Investment Fund (2012). Climatescope 2012: Assessing the Climate for Climate Investing in Latin America and the Caribbean. New York. Available from www5.iadb.org/mif/Climatescope/2012/img/content/ pdfs/eng/Climatescope2012-report.pdf. 192
2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Fernández, International Center on Small Hydro Power Key Facts Population 45,239,079 1 Area 1,138,910 km 2 Climate Tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands 1 Topography Rain pattern Flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes Mountains (highest point: Pico Cristóbal Colón, 5,775 m), eastern lowland plains 1 Average annual precipitation over land is 500mm, but varies greatly from year to year and from place to place. On average, it rains mostly in the regions of El Choco due to the concentrated air humidity originated in the Pacific ocean accumulating at the Cordillera Occidental and producing 3,000 to 12,000 mm per annum 2 Electricity sector overview Colombia’s electricity and energy sector is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Energy and Mines. Currently Colombia has a total installed capacity of 14,424 MW. 3 The Colombian energy industry comprises both public and private players. Private sector involvement was opened up through deregulation in 1990. La Comisión de Regulación de Energía y Gas de Colombia (CREG) is one of the main participants with regulatory oversight within the sector. 4 The Colombian National Transmission System (STN), a monopoly by nature, is the middle man between the generators and the traders and is regulated by CREG. 5 Eleven companies are involved in transmission from which, the Government runs the company, Interconexión Eléctrica S.A. E.S.P. (ISA), and controls 83 per cent of the market. 5 The supply of Colombian electricity is based on the National Interconnected System (SIN) which is one third of the territory and covers 96 per cent of the population. Other local systems in the noninterconnected areas (ZNI) provide the remaining four per cent of the population mainly residing in the east of the country. 4 In 2010, Colombia saw its highest growth for renewable generation at 14 per cent totaling to 2,543 GWh. 6 In 2011, Colombia imported 8 GWh and exported 1,294 GWh. 3 In 2010, 72.8 per cent (57,300 GWh) of Colombia’s electricity is produced by renewable energy sources, whereas its renewable electricity capacity corresponds to 67.1 per cent (9.1 GW) (figure 1). 8 Colombia has wide non-interconnected areas (52 per cent of its territory), and although these areas have a high renewable energy potential, there is a more intense fossil fuel based electricity expansion rather than an adequate renewable strategy. 9 Wind Other fossils and Small hydropower Oil & diesel Coal Gas Large hydropower 0.1% 1% 4% 7% 7% 17% 0% 20% 40% 60% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Colombia Source: XM S.A. E.S.P. 7 64% Small hydropower sector overview and potential The definition of small hydropower in Colombia seems to be ambiguous and inconsistent in many documents (see section on Legislation on small hydropower). In 2010, the total estimated small hydropower potential was 25,000 MW. 7 9 According to the legal framework, small hydropower is only considered as renewable energy if it is under 10 MW. 9 In 2012, the small hydropower installed capacity was 171.52 MW (up to 10 MW) and the author’s calculations indicate that the installed capacity for plants 10-20 MW was 512 MW, however 591 MW (according to the countries small hydropower definition of up to 20 MW) is reported (figure 2). 7 Small hydropower provided five per cent of the total electricity generation in 2010. 6 SHP installed capacity (up to 10 MW) SHP potential (up to 10 MW) SHP installed capacity (up to 20 MW) SHP potential (up to 20 MW) 171.52 MW 171.52 MW 762.52 MW 25,000 MW 0 10000 20000 30000 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Colombia Sources: International American Development Bank and the Colombian Ministry of Mines and Energy 9 , XM S.A. E.S.P. 7 Small hydropower is seen in Colombia as an attractive potential electricity generation technology due to the low construction investment required and its adequacy to supply off-grid rural areas with electricity. The Colombian Government is currently working on small hydropower implementation projects in currently off-grid areas. 9 Between 2006 and 2011, Colombia experienced clean energy investments totalling to US$1.06 billion, with 193
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
Page 157 and 158: 2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
Page 159 and 160: 2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
Page 161 and 162: 2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
Page 163 and 164: 2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
Page 165 and 166: Immediate key initiatives for the f
Page 167 and 168: kW but less than 15 MW are consider
Page 169 and 170: Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
Page 171 and 172: 2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
Page 173 and 174: Renewable energy policy In February
Page 175 and 176: Table 2 Classification of small hyd
Page 177 and 178: 2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
Page 179 and 180: sector and rural communities will b
Page 181 and 182: 1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
Page 183 and 184: years of commercial operation). In
Page 185 and 186: operate renewable energy projects a
Page 187 and 188: Since then, several values close to
Page 189 and 190: addition to long period of contract
Page 191 and 192: institutions portray a robust syste
Page 193 and 194: exemption from distribution and tra
Page 195 and 196: een lowered in this region. One of
Page 197 and 198: The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
Page 199 and 200: y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
Page 201 and 202: provide not only labor, but local m
Page 203 and 204: 2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
Page 205 and 206: https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
Page 207: Electrification with Renewable Ener
Page 211 and 212: grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
Page 213 and 214: The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
Page 215 and 216: 2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
Page 217 and 218: 2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
Page 219 and 220: In addition, Peru has a clean energ
Page 221 and 222: In accordance with the requirements
Page 223 and 224: Information on the total installed
Page 225 and 226: 2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
Page 227 and 228: Table 4 Small hydropower potential
Page 229 and 230: 2.4.2 United States of America Lara
Page 231 and 232: Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
Page 233 and 234: involving certain low-impact situat
Page 235 and 236: which hydropower plants under 30 MW
Page 237 and 238: share of total energy balance by 20
Page 239 and 240: 2. World Meteorological Organizatio
Page 241 and 242: SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
Page 243 and 244: 3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
Page 245 and 246: 3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
Page 247 and 248: Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
Page 249 and 250: In addition to the investment made
Page 251 and 252: 3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
Page 253 and 254: to release sediment from dams, it i
Page 255 and 256: infrastructure and of the transmiss
Page 257 and 258: 3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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