WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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3.5.7 Turkey i Bahtiyar Dursun and Cihan Gokcol, Kirklareli University, Turkey Key facts Population 79,749,461 1 Area 783,562 km 2 . 1 Climate Temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior. Topography High central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain; several mountain ranges. Rain pattern Annual average precipitation: 643 mm, unevenly distributed. It varies from less than 250 mm in the inland areas of central Anatolia to more than 3,000 mm in the northeastern Black Sea coastal region. Autumn marks the start of the rainy season, which continues until late spring on the western and south-eastern coasts. The Black Sea coast receives rain throughout the year. Electricity sector overview Turkey’s electrification rate in 2002 was 95 per cent. 2 Its electricity consumption in 2010 was 180.21 TWh. Between 2015 and 2020, electricity demand is predicted to go up to 410 TWh and 571 TWh, respectively. 2 3 The Turkish Electricity Market Law no. 4628 was published in March 2001 and has led to the establishment of the Electricity Market Regulatory Authority. Thus, the private sector has been able to obtain a licence granted from this authority to own, build and operate power plants. Hydropower development in Turkey has been carried out for about a century for different purposes, namely electricity generation, land irrigation, water supply for domestic and industrial utilization and flood control in the surrounding area. Hydropower accounts for more than 26 per cent of electricity generation (figure 1). RE (excl. hydro) Hydro Non-RE 1.97% 26.11% 71.92% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Turkey Source: Indexmundi 5 Note: Data from 2011. In view of the considerable variation in seasonal, annual and regional runoff, it is absolutely necessary for the major rivers in Turkey to have water storage facilities and to allow the use of the water when it is necessary. Consequently, priority has always been given to the construction of water-storage facilities. Significant progress has taken place in the construction of dams throughout the 55 years that have elapsed since the establishment of the State Hydraulic Works. 4 Small hydropower sector overview and potential Development of small hydropower began in 1902 in Turkey. Since then, private entrepreneurs and some government organizations and municipalities in rural areas have installed many decentralized small hydropower plants. Turkey has a mountainous landscape with an average elevation of 1,132 metres. This topography favours the formation of high gradient mountain streams with suitable locations for small hydropower development. 6 The low costs of investment offer attractive opportunities for either domestic or foreign entrepreneurs interested in small hydropower plants. Since 1990, the amount of small hydropower plants and their capacity have increased more than doubled. The bulk of all small hydropower plants (85 per cent) have been constructed in the last two decades. Around 20 per cent of generating capacity is in private hands. According to their gross head, the percentage of small hydropower plants is as follows: 5 per cent have medium head (5 to 15m) and 95 per cent high head (more than 15m). 7 By the end of 2002, the total number of small hydropower stations in operation throughout the country was 59 with a total installed capacity 175.5 MW (figure 2), covering less than 2 per cent of the total hydropower potential (13,700MW) in Turkey. 8 9 10 11 12 SHP installed capacity SHP potential 175 MW 0 2000 4000 6000 6500 MW Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Turkey In addition to the large hydropower projects with installed capacities greater than 10 MW, it is estimated that there still is considerable small hydropower potential in Turkey. 12 This estimation is provided in table 1. Among the 25 hydrological basins in Turkey, the Eastern Black Sea Basin has great advantages in terms of small hydropower potential as the annual average precipitation is the highest in the country (2,329 mm in Rize Province). Furthermore, the basin covers sharp valleys and there are a lot of steep streams with 13 14 considerable discharges and heads. 312
Small hydropower potential in Turkey Potential Generation Generation Capacity (GWh/year) (Percentage) (MW) Gross theoretical 50 000 100 16 500 Technical feasible 30 000 60 10 000 Economically feasible 20 000 40 6 500 Economically feasible potential that has been developed 664 3.3 175 Remaining economically feasible potential 19 336 96.7 6 325 Remaining economically feasible potential taking into account environmental constraints (e.g. rivers exempted from ~19 300 96.7 6 325 damming) Source: Balat 7 With regard to local small hydropower capacities, there are local consulting and engineering companies which provide multi-disciplinary engineering services, locally and internationally. Increasing demand for power-generating turbines and other equipment will benefit the industrial sector and reduce import demand. Renewable energy policy With the publishing of Renewable Energy Law No. 5346 in May 2005, the Turkish Government has assured to buy electricity from legal entities with a feed-in tariff of 5.5 euro cents/kWh for 10 years. Besides, 85 per cent discount is applied for forest and land acquisition to build small hydropower plants. Furthermore, law No. 5784 published in July 2008 was expected to attract entrepreneurs to invest in miniand micro-hydropower plants. After the emergence of this law, the status of legal entity is no longer a prerequisite for applying a licence to generate electricity from renewable energy, if the plant capacity does not exceed 500 kW. Also, the Government guarantees the purchase of the excess electricity. 6 Legislation on small hydropower In Turkey, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) reports were not required for hydropower plants with installed capacity below 50 MW before 17 July 2008. However, a regulation on the same date stated that hydropower plants having an installed capacity between 0.5 MW and 25 MW are required to undertake an EIA. 6 Barriers to small hydropower development Renewable Energy Law No. 5346 applies to small hydropower or hydropower production facilities having a reservoir area less than 15 km 2 and makes no limitation regarding installed capacity. This makes the interest of private sector move towards large hydropower system for the potentially higher profits. 6 Note i. Based upon Dursun, B. and Gokcol, C. (2011). The role of hydropower and contribution of small hydropower plants for sustainable development in Turkey. Renewable Energy, 36, 1227-1235. References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Washington, D.C. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/. 2. International Energy Agency (2011). World Energy Outlook 2011. Chapter 13 Energy and Poverty. Paris. Available from www.worldenergyoutlook.org/media/weowebsite/en ergydevelopment/WEO2002Chapter13.pdf. 3. Alboyaci, Bora, Bahtiyar Dursun, Cihan Gokcol and Erkan Sunan (2009). Importance of biomass energy as alternative to other sources in Turkey. Energy Policy, Vol. 37, (November), pp. 424-431. 4. Devlet Su Isleri, State Hydraulic Works (2004). Statistics on hydropower. Available from www.dsi.gov.tr. Accessed December 2012. 5. Indexmundi (2012). Electricity Import to Iraq in 2011. Available from www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?v=83&c=iz&l=en. Accessed December 2012. 6. Baris, Kemal and Serhat Kucukali (2009). Assessment of small hydropower (SHP) development in Turkey: Laws, Regulations and EU policy perspective. Energy Policy, Vol. 37, No. 10, pp. 3872- 3879. 7. Balat, Havva (2007). A renewable perspective for sustainable energy development in Turkey: The case of small hydropower plants. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 11, No. 9, pp. 2152– 2165. 8. Altınbilek, Dogan (2002). The role of dams in development, Water Resources Development, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 9-24. 9. Altınbilek, Dogan and C. Cakmak (2001). The role of dams in development. Presentation at the DSI Third International Symposium. Austria. 10. Ozgobek, H. and S. Timucin (2002). Turkey’s electricity and hydroelectric power development policies. Presentation at the HYDRO 2002 conference: development, management, performance. Kiris, April. 11. Adıguzel, F. and A. Tutus (2002). Small hydroelectric power plants in Turkey. Presentation at the HYDRO 2002 conference: development, management, performance. Kiris. 12. Cakmak, C. (1998). <strong>Report</strong> on the development of hydroelectric energy. Istanbul. 313
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
Page 277 and 278: 3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
Page 279 and 280: Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
Page 281 and 282: Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
Page 283 and 284: 3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
Page 285 and 286: presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
Page 287 and 288: Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
Page 289 and 290: 3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
Page 291 and 292: 3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
Page 293 and 294: 3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
Page 295 and 296: The International Finance Corporati
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Page 301 and 302: ecent policy shift by the National
Page 303 and 304: 2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
Page 305 and 306: 3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
Page 307 and 308: Sustainable Development On the Run
Page 309 and 310: comparison with other energy source
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Page 313 and 314: 3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
Page 315 and 316: 3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
Page 317 and 318: 3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
Page 319 and 320: Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
Page 321 and 322: The Ministry of Water Resources is
Page 323 and 324: Table 1 Small hydropower potential
Page 325 and 326: 3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
Page 327: 13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
Page 331 and 332: 4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
Page 333 and 334: 2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
Page 335 and 336: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 337 and 338: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 339 and 340: parameters are taken into account.
Page 341 and 342: The development of hydropower plant
Page 343 and 344: 2. European Small Hydropower Associ
Page 345 and 346: Renewable energy policy According t
Page 347 and 348: 4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
Page 349 and 350: 4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
Page 351 and 352: 11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
Page 353 and 354: Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
Page 355 and 356: References 1. Central Intelligence
Page 357 and 358: Regional overview and potential All
Page 359 and 360: 4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
Page 361 and 362: 4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
Page 363 and 364: 4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
Page 365 and 366: 4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 367 and 368: 4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 369 and 370: 5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
Page 371 and 372: 4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
Page 373 and 374: 4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
Page 375 and 376: 4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
Page 377 and 378: 4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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