WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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3.1.1 Kazakhstan Yingnan Zhang, International Center on Small Hydro Power Hydropower Thermal 10% 90% Key facts Population 17,522,010 1 Area 2,724,900 km 2 . 1 Climate Continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid 1 Topography Vast flat steppe extending from the Volga in the west to the Altai Mountains in the east and from the plains of western Siberia in the north to oases and deserts of Central Asia in the south (highest point: Mount Khan Tengry, 7,010 m) 1 Rain pattern Precipitation in the form of rain is insignificant, except for mountainous regions. In the zone of forest steppe precipitation is 300-400 mm per year, decreasing to 250 mm in the steppe zone; in the territory of the Kazakh rolling hills annual precipitation increases to 300-400 mm and in semideserts and deserts decreases to 200- 100 mm. In the foothills and mountains precipitation varies from 400 mm to 1,600 mm per year 2 Electricity sector overview The power sector is one of the best developed sectors in Kazakhstan’s economy. Only very small fractions (3.5 per cent) of the rural settlements do not have access to energy and electricity. 3 According to the World Energy Outlook 2011, the country’s electrification access is 98 per cent. 4 Electricity generation capacity was 18.7 GW in 2010. Electricity in 2011 was mostly generated by fossil fuels, given that Kazakhstan has rich gas, oil and coal reserves (figure 1). 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Kazakhstan Source: World Bank 5 Note: Data from 2011. The electricity market was privatized after the country gained independence from the Soviet Union. Electricity generation infrastructure is old and needs upgrading, as transmission and distribution lines are inefficient and cause losses around 15 per cent. 6 Small hydropower sector overview and potential Hydropower accounted for 3 per cent of total primary energy needs and contributed 10 per cent of the total electricity generated as per data of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Regulation of Natural Monopolies (ANMR) in 2011. 7 There are seven small hydropower plants (with a capacity below 10 MW), with a total installed capacity of 78 MW (figure 2). Kazakhstan has about 13 TWh of small hydropower economically developable potential, mainly located in East Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, Almaty and the southern Kazakhstani oblast/provinces (table). 3 According to the European Bank of Reconstruction, many small hydropower projects in Kazakhstan are under reconstruction and renovation, some small hydropower plants are added to existing water management projects with small dams and reservoirs. 3 SHP installed capacity SHP potential 78 MW 0 1000 2000 3000 2707 MW Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Kazakhstan Source: German Agency for Technical Cooperation 3 , Kazakhstan, Ministry of Environment Protection 8 Small hydropower projects in Kazakhstan Regions Number of projects Projected installed capacity (MW) Annual production (GWh) East Kazakhstani oblast 68 349 1 700 Almaty oblast -- 1 762 8 700 Southern Kazakhstani oblast 112 421 1 800 Zhambyl oblast 77 175 700 Total 257 2 707 12 900 Source: German Agency for Technical Cooperation 3 Renewable energy policy Rich gas and oil resources in Kazakhstan have largely prevented the development of a renewable energy market. However, the country has drafted strategy and legislation to encourage the development of renewable energy, with wind energy being the most promising. In 2009, the Parliament of Kazakhstan passed the Law on Use of Renewable Energy Sources establishing a regulatory framework in the country and commitment of achieving five per cent renewable 220
share of total energy balance by 2024. The Authority plans to have 10 per cent of electricity generated from renewable energy. 9 Hydropower plants up to 35 MW are recognized under this Law. The remote rural areas are particularly interested in renewable energy projects because of energy shortage. For foreign investors, support from local law experts is necessary to attract their interests in Kazakhstan. 3 References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ 2. United Nations Development Programme Kazakhstan (2004). Water resources of Kazakhstan in the new millennium. Almaty, Kazakhstan: LEM Printhouse. 3. Biegert, Axel, Gulnar Daniyarova and Klaus Jorde (2009). Regional <strong>Report</strong>s on Renewable Energies-8 Country Analyses on Potentials and Markets in Central Asia. Kazakhstan. Eschborn. Available from www.giz.de/Themen/en/dokumente/gtz2009-enregionalreport-asia-introduction.pdf. 4. International Energy Agency (2011). World Energy Outlook 2011. 9 November 2011. Paris. 5. World Bank (2011). Electricity production from hydroelectric sources (kWh). Available from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.HYRO.KH 6. Globaltrade.net (2011). Power Generation and Distribution Industry. Available from www.globaltrade.net/f/market- research/text/Kazakhstan/Energy-Coke-Oil-Gas- Electricity-Power-Generation-and-Distribution- Industry.html. 7. Energy Regulators’ Regional Association (2011). Kazakhstan profile. Available from www.erranet.org/AboutUs/Members/Profiles/Kazakhs tan. 8. Kazakhstan, Ministry of Environment Protection (2009). Kazakhstan's Second National Communication. Paper presented at the Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Astana. December. 9. Grata Law Firm (2012). The Use of Renewable Energy Sources in Kazakhstan: Basic State Support Mechanisms. 9 February. Available from www.hg.org/article.asp?id=25049. 221
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
Page 185 and 186: operate renewable energy projects a
Page 187 and 188: Since then, several values close to
Page 189 and 190: addition to long period of contract
Page 191 and 192: institutions portray a robust syste
Page 193 and 194: exemption from distribution and tra
Page 195 and 196: een lowered in this region. One of
Page 197 and 198: The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
Page 199 and 200: y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
Page 201 and 202: provide not only labor, but local m
Page 203 and 204: 2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
Page 205 and 206: https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
Page 207 and 208: Electrification with Renewable Ener
Page 209 and 210: 2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
Page 211 and 212: grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
Page 213 and 214: The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
Page 215 and 216: 2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
Page 217 and 218: 2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
Page 219 and 220: In addition, Peru has a clean energ
Page 221 and 222: In accordance with the requirements
Page 223 and 224: Information on the total installed
Page 225 and 226: 2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
Page 227 and 228: Table 4 Small hydropower potential
Page 229 and 230: 2.4.2 United States of America Lara
Page 231 and 232: Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
Page 233 and 234: involving certain low-impact situat
Page 235: which hydropower plants under 30 MW
Page 239 and 240: 2. World Meteorological Organizatio
Page 241 and 242: SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
Page 243 and 244: 3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
Page 245 and 246: 3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
Page 247 and 248: Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
Page 249 and 250: In addition to the investment made
Page 251 and 252: 3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
Page 253 and 254: to release sediment from dams, it i
Page 255 and 256: infrastructure and of the transmiss
Page 257 and 258: 3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
Page 259 and 260: 3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
Page 261 and 262: 3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
Page 263 and 264: Livelihoods and Energy Department,
Page 265 and 266: 3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
Page 267 and 268: Hydropower projects, until recently
Page 269 and 270: Renewable energy policy The Renewab
Page 271 and 272: Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
Page 273 and 274: www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Page 277 and 278: 3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
Page 279 and 280: Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
Page 281 and 282: Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
Page 283 and 284: 3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
Page 285 and 286: presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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