WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

Recommendations

Info

http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/afstversl/tm/Drinkwaar d%202009.pdf. 8. Wouter Drinkwaard, Arjan Kirkels and Henny Romijn (2010). A learning-based approach to understanding success in rural electrification: Insights from Micro Hydro projects in Bolivia. Eindhoven: University of Technology. 186
2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago Filho, Camila Galhardo and Luciano Silva, National Reference Centre for Small Hydropower Plants (CERPCH), Brazil Key facts Population 199,321,413 1 Area 8,515,692 km 2 Climate Mostly tropical but temperate in south 1 Topography Mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and narrow coastal belt (highest point: Pico da Neblina, 2,994 m) 1 Rain pattern Northwest (Amazon basin): uniform rainfall, up to 3,000 mm/year. Central interior: rainy season December to February. Northeast: 500 -1,150 mm/ year depending on the zone. Narrow coastal belt: South: uniform rainfall, 1,250-2,000 mm/year. Southeast and West-Centre: 1,500-2,000 mm/year. 2 Electricity sector overview Approximately 9.7 million Brazilians do not have access to electricity, despite the relatively high electrification rate of 95 per cent. The Luz Para Todos Program aims to use small photovoltaic systems and micro hydro facilities to overcome the deficiency in electrification. 3 It benefits approximately 1.24 million people through 247,862 connections. 4 As of 2011, Brazil had an installed power generating capacity of 117,134 MW. 4 Hydropower is the most important electricity generation technology in Brazil, as can be seen in Figure 2 below. Furthermore, Brazil was the world’s second largest hydropower producer in 2009 (391 TWh) and the world’s third largest in terms of installed hydropower capacity in 2008 with 78 GW. 5 Wind 0.4% Coal 1.0% Nuclear 2.8% Oil and 3.0% Biomass 6.0% Natural 6.0% Hydro 80.0% 0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Brazil Source: Empresa de Pesquisa Energética, Ministerio de Minas e Energia 6 The Brazilian hydropower sector has acquired significant experience and knowledge in the design, construction and assembly of electromechanical generation equipment. Today, the country masters the technology of implementing hydropower ventures, whether it is large or small-scale. Small hydropower sector overview and potential In Brazil small hydropower plants are defined as hydropower developments with power above 1 MW and below 30 MW, and with a maximum flooded area of 3 km², as per Law No.9648/98. 7 On 9 December 2003, with Resolution No.652, the flooded area was authorized to reach 13 km², provided it met the equation A≥(14,3×P)/Hb, where P is the power of the venture, given in Megawatts (MW) and Hb is the venture’s available gross head, given in metres; or when the reservoir has been designed based on other uses which are not for power generation. 8 Hydroelectric ventures with power below 1 MW are classified as Hydroelectric Generation Plants (CGH) and receive different treatment from the National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL) on registration procedures. According to data from ANEEL on 31 December 2011, Brazil had 373 plants operating with a power of up to 1 MW, totaling 217 MW, and 423 plants with a power of 1 to 30 MW, corresponding to 3,889 MW. Of these ventures, the majority of the concessions are generally granted for private capital. Brazil still has a small hydropower potential of 22,500 MW (figure 2). 9 Among the latest small hydropower research programmes in Brazil in the last five years, the following stand out: improving the quality of hydraulic turbines through numeric computational systems for designing the flow in turbines; distribution of losses in electric generators; use of automated operation systems and supervision of generator groups; use of group generators with variable rotation; studies on the interaction of fish-friendly hydraulic turbines; research on the behavior of Brazilian fish for preservation purposes; restocking of fish into the river; the development of procedures for designing suitable transposition mechanisms for tropical and temperate climate fish. There are also studies on movable dams, equipment and devices for low and very low heads, hydrokinetic turbines, system supervision by telemetry and the use of asynchronous generators interconnected to the grid. Brazil has a highly developed value chain for small hydropower, not only with a turbine manufacturing sector, but offering other small hydropower services in civil works/building, engineering, operations and maintenance. 3 In Brazil, the investments in small hydropower projects are made through bank loans, mainly from the National Bank of Social Development (BNDES), which offers lines of credit with a grace period of up to six months after the project enters commercial operation, an amortization period of up to 12 years and a constant amortization system. 187
Page 1:
World Small Hydropower Development
Page 5 and 6:
Published in 2013 by United Nations
Page 7 and 8:
in the World Small Hydropower Devel
Page 9 and 10:
Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
Page 11 and 12:
JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
Page 13 and 14:
86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
Page 15 and 16:
301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
Page 17 and 18:
Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
Page 19 and 20:
electrification, building micro-hyd
Page 21 and 22:
potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
Page 23 and 24:
A range of barriers exist in Southe
Page 25 and 26:
The Renewable Energy Directive has
Page 27 and 28:
The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
Page 29 and 30:
Introduction A world-first assessme
Page 31 and 32:
Small hydropower definition Countri
Page 33 and 34:
12. United Nations Environment Prog
Page 35 and 36:
small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
Page 37 and 38:
1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
Page 39 and 40:
potential developers, since their p
Page 41 and 42:
Notes: Listed are only operational
Page 43 and 44:
Financial institutions are not will
Page 45 and 46:
Table 1 Installed small hydropower
Page 47 and 48:
10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
Page 49 and 50:
the district of Mulanje. The Agency
Page 51 and 52:
1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
Page 53 and 54:
1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
Page 55 and 56:
with local entrepreneurs to extend
Page 57 and 58:
1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
Page 59 and 60:
1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
Page 61 and 62:
Different donor agencies have assis
Page 63 and 64:
1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
Page 65 and 66:
5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
Page 67 and 68:
Table 1 Installed small hydropower
Page 69 and 70:
newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
Page 71 and 72:
70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
Page 73 and 74:
Table 2 Potential small hydropower
Page 75 and 76:
1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
Page 77 and 78:
the challenge remains as to whether
Page 79 and 80:
Francis turbine. Project commission
Page 81 and 82:
1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
Page 83 and 84:
1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
Page 85 and 86:
out according to social, economic a
Page 87 and 88:
avaged by vandals for parts and cop
Page 89 and 90:
1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
Page 91 and 92:
1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
Page 93 and 94:
1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
Page 95 and 96:
1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
Page 97 and 98:
1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
Page 99 and 100:
1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
Page 101 and 102:
Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 103 and 104:
SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
Page 105 and 106:
16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
Page 107 and 108:
construction and the project will b
Page 109 and 110:
Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
Page 111 and 112:
1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
Page 113 and 114:
1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
Page 115 and 116:
and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
Page 117 and 118:
oth present and future”. Should t
Page 119 and 120:
1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
Page 121 and 122:
hydropower in South Africa and the
Page 123 and 124:
Integrated resource plan for electr
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
Page 127 and 128:
1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
Page 129 and 130:
Trust funds for renewable energy te
Page 131 and 132:
According to a 2010 analysis for in
Page 133 and 134:
consumption, as well as cost deprec
Page 135 and 136:
Sustainable energy through developi
Page 137 and 138:
enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
Page 139 and 140:
Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
Page 141 and 142:
1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
Page 143 and 144:
1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
Page 145 and 146:
1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
Page 147 and 148:
3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
Page 149 and 150:
The only small hydropower station i
Page 151 and 152: 1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
Page 153 and 154: 2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
Page 155 and 156: potential for small hydropower prov
Page 157 and 158: 2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
Page 159 and 160: 2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
Page 161 and 162: 2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
Page 163 and 164: 2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
Page 165 and 166: Immediate key initiatives for the f
Page 167 and 168: kW but less than 15 MW are consider
Page 169 and 170: Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
Page 171 and 172: 2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
Page 173 and 174: Renewable energy policy In February
Page 175 and 176: Table 2 Classification of small hyd
Page 177 and 178: 2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
Page 179 and 180: sector and rural communities will b
Page 181 and 182: 1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
Page 183 and 184: years of commercial operation). In
Page 185 and 186: operate renewable energy projects a
Page 187 and 188: Since then, several values close to
Page 189 and 190: addition to long period of contract
Page 191 and 192: institutions portray a robust syste
Page 193 and 194: exemption from distribution and tra
Page 195 and 196: een lowered in this region. One of
Page 197 and 198: The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
Page 199 and 200: y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
Page 201: provide not only labor, but local m
Page 205 and 206: https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
Page 207 and 208: Electrification with Renewable Ener
Page 209 and 210: 2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
Page 211 and 212: grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
Page 213 and 214: The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
Page 215 and 216: 2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
Page 217 and 218: 2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
Page 219 and 220: In addition, Peru has a clean energ
Page 221 and 222: In accordance with the requirements
Page 223 and 224: Information on the total installed
Page 225 and 226: 2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
Page 227 and 228: Table 4 Small hydropower potential
Page 229 and 230: 2.4.2 United States of America Lara
Page 231 and 232: Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
Page 233 and 234: involving certain low-impact situat
Page 235 and 236: which hydropower plants under 30 MW
Page 237 and 238: share of total energy balance by 20
Page 239 and 240: 2. World Meteorological Organizatio
Page 241 and 242: SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
Page 243 and 244: 3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
Page 245 and 246: 3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
Page 247 and 248: Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
Page 249 and 250: In addition to the investment made
Page 251 and 252: 3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
Page 253 and 254:
to release sediment from dams, it i
Page 255 and 256:
infrastructure and of the transmiss
Page 257 and 258:
3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
Page 259 and 260:
3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
Page 261 and 262:
3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
Page 263 and 264:
Livelihoods and Energy Department,
Page 265 and 266:
3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
Page 267 and 268:
Hydropower projects, until recently
Page 269 and 270:
Renewable energy policy The Renewab
Page 271 and 272:
Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
Page 273 and 274:
www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
Page 275 and 276:
Procurement and Construction (EPC)
Page 277 and 278:
3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
Page 279 and 280:
Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
Page 281 and 282:
Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
Page 283 and 284:
3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
Page 285 and 286:
presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
Page 287 and 288:
Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
Page 289 and 290:
3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
Page 291 and 292:
3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
Page 293 and 294:
3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
Page 295 and 296:
The International Finance Corporati
Page 297 and 298:
5. To enhance awareness on the role
Page 299 and 300:
sustainability in policy is expecte
Page 301 and 302:
ecent policy shift by the National
Page 303 and 304:
2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
Page 305 and 306:
3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
Page 307 and 308:
Sustainable Development On the Run
Page 309 and 310:
comparison with other energy source
Page 311 and 312:
Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
Page 313 and 314:
3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
Page 315 and 316:
3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
Page 317 and 318:
3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
Page 319 and 320:
Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
Page 321 and 322:
The Ministry of Water Resources is
Page 323 and 324:
Table 1 Small hydropower potential
Page 325 and 326:
3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
Page 327 and 328:
13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
Page 329 and 330:
Small hydropower potential in Turke
Page 331 and 332:
4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
Page 333 and 334:
2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
parameters are taken into account.
Page 341 and 342:
The development of hydropower plant
Page 343 and 344:
2. European Small Hydropower Associ
Page 345 and 346:
Renewable energy policy According t
Page 347 and 348:
4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
Page 349 and 350:
4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
Page 351 and 352:
11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
Page 353 and 354:
Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
Page 355 and 356:
References 1. Central Intelligence
Page 357 and 358:
Regional overview and potential All
Page 359 and 360:
4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
Page 361 and 362:
4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
Page 363 and 364:
4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
Page 365 and 366:
4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 367 and 368:
4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 369 and 370:
5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
Page 371 and 372:
4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
Page 373 and 374:
4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
Page 375 and 376:
4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
Page 377 and 378:
4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
Page 379 and 380:
Despite the issues which adversely
Page 381 and 382:
characteristic has provided the Gov
Page 383 and 384:
No. 9072 (last amended in November
Page 385 and 386:
7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
Page 387 and 388:
Renewable energy policy Using renew
Page 389 and 390:
development of small water currents
Page 391 and 392:
changes should be scheduled and tim
Page 393 and 394:
Legislation on small hydropower The
Page 395 and 396:
development and construction of sma
Page 397 and 398:
Licensing procedure suitable for sm
Page 399 and 400:
Renewable energy policy Serbia has
Page 401 and 402:
€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
Page 403 and 404:
growing difficulty to obtain the ne
Page 405 and 406:
Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
The Stream Map Project recommends t
Page 411 and 412:
action. It will be also a good tool
Page 413 and 414:
4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
Page 415 and 416:
4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
Page 417 and 418:
4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
Page 419 and 420:
4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
Page 421 and 422:
Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
Page 423 and 424:
For New Zealand, the remaining pote
Page 425 and 426:
Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
Page 427 and 428:
5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
Page 429 and 430:
5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
Page 431 and 432:
The Government of Fiji developed a
Page 433 and 434:
Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
Page 435 and 436:
5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
Page 437 and 438:
5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
Page 439 and 440:
5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
Page 441 and 442:
organizations and foreign governmen
Page 443 and 444:
Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
Page 445 and 446:
In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
Page 447 and 448:
Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
Page 449 and 450:
5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
Page 451 and 452:
List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
Page 453 and 454:
South America 178 1 Overview of cou
Page 455 and 456:
Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
Page 457 and 458:
67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
Page 459 and 460:
155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
Page 461 and 462:
254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
Page 463 and 464:
347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
Page 465 and 466:
431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
show all

WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?