WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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4.1.3 Czech Republic European Small Hydropower Association, Stream Map SHP installed capacity 297 MW Key facts Population 10,177,300 1 Area 78,867 km 2 Climate Topography Rain pattern Temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters Bohemia in the west consists of rolling plains, hills, and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; Moravia in the east has very hilly landscape Most rain falls during the summer. The average precipitation is 680 mm. 2 Electricity sector overview The gross electricity production in the Czech Republic was 87,560 GWh in 2011 with one third of it coming from nuclear sources (figure 1). 3 A 2011’s national energy policy draft states that there will be a major increase of nuclear power generation until 2060, to 13.9 GW or up to 18.9 GW in the case of major adoption of electric vehicles, with nuclear producing 60 per cent of SHP potential 0 150 300 450 465 MW Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Czech Republic Source: Stream Map 5 In 2008, the total economically feasible small hydropower potential was calculated at 465 MW, which means the remaining economically feasible potential was 168 MW, not including the 43 MW planned small hydropower plants. 6 Renewable energy policy According to the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP), the renewable energy target by 2020 is 13.5 per cent of country’s energy consumption,. 7 Legislation on small hydropower Support mechanisms for small hydropower in the Czech Republic reflect some economic aspects of the small hydro investment process and its significance for the grid. 57.10% Wind 0.50% Photovoltaic 2.40% Hydropow er 3.20% Combined Cycle and Gas Fired 4.50% Nuclear 32.30% Thermal the country's power. 4 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Czech Republic Source: Energetický regulační úřad 3 Small hydropower sector overview and potential The Czech Republic has already developed a major part of its small hydro potential. Nevertheless, systematic growth in installed capacity of 2.5 MW/year was observed in the last 10 years. In 2010, the Czech Republic had 1,452 small hydropower plants and a total installed capacity of 297 MW, generating 1,159 GWh per year (figure 2). 5 Even faster growth (up to 372 MW in 2020) can be expected in this decade according to its National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP). While this prediction may be considered fairly optimistic, the NREAP electricity generation estimation is rather conservative. By 2020, the aim is to have 1,645 plants with a total installed capacity of 340 MW (1,210 GWh). There is an opt-in guaranteed tariff or green bonus scheme that depends on the time period since commissioning. According to the Act on Promotion of Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources, the electricity prices should aid in achieving a 15-year period of recovery of investment. In practice, the guaranteed tariffs range between 7.4 and 12 euro cents/kWh for run-of-river plants and between 5.7 and 15 euro cents/kWh for storage plants (with substantial differences between the peak and off-peak operation); respective values for green bonuses are 3.6 and 8 euro cents/kWh for run-of-river plants and between 2.6 and 9.6 euro cents/kWh for storage plants. 5 The tariff is announced on an annual basis by the Energy Regulatory Office. Small hydropower plant operators that intend to offer electricity for purchase to the grid should notify the relevant grid operator in advance. Electricity supply to the grid takes place according to a contract agreed between small hydropower plant operators and local grid operators. The regulatory role of small storage hydropower plants is acknowledged by differentiated energy prices in the grid load-peak and off-peak zones. When setting the residual flow for small hydropower plants, minimum mean flow and hydro-biological 322
parameters are taken into account. Typically, the residual flow is established to maintain naturally 355 days to 330 days per year. 5 Investment projects are supported using the means of ECO-ENERGY Programme within the Operational Programme Enterprise and Innovations 2007-<strong>2013</strong>. Eighteen projects were supported in 2010 with the total amount of support over €11 million (approximately US$14.7 million in 2010) and the mean share of 35 per cent of the investment cost. Barriers to small hydropower development One of the main obstacles to small hydropower in Czech Republic is the costs of operation and maintenance, which pushes the price upwards. Renewable energy is considered as a complementary source of energy as the priority is given to solid fuels and nuclear energy. The use of renewable energy sources is ecological therefore its future and financial support depends on the preferences of the political parties in the Government. 8 References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/index.html. 2. European Small Hydropower Association (2008). Small Hydropower Energy Efficiency Campaign Action- Strategic Study for the Development of Small Hydro Power in the European Union. 3. Energetický regulační úřad (2012). Yearly <strong>Report</strong> on the Operation of the Czech Electricity Grid for 2011. Statistics Unit of Energetický regulační úřad, Prague 4. World Nuclear Association (2012). Nuclear Power in Czech Republic. Available from www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf90.html. 5. European Small Hydropower Association (2012). Stream Map – Small Hydropower Roadmap. Available from www.streammap.esha.be/. 6. Punys, P. and Pelikan, B. (2007). Review of small hydropower in the new Member States and Candidate Countries in the context of the enlarged European Union. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 11, pp. 1321–1360. 7. Beurskens, L.W.M., Hekkenberg, M., Vethman, P. (2011). Renewable Energy Projections as Published in the National Renewable Energy Action Plans of the European Member States. Energy Centre of the Netherlands. November 2011. 8. Jan Fiedler, Energeticky Ustav (n.d.) Obnovitelne zdroje energie v Ceske republice. Available from http://oei.fme.vutbr.cz/teplarenstvi/papers/fiedler/ozv-cr.pdf. 323
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
Page 287 and 288: Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
Page 289 and 290: 3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
Page 291 and 292: 3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
Page 293 and 294: 3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
Page 295 and 296: The International Finance Corporati
Page 297 and 298: 5. To enhance awareness on the role
Page 299 and 300: sustainability in policy is expecte
Page 301 and 302: ecent policy shift by the National
Page 303 and 304: 2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
Page 305 and 306: 3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
Page 307 and 308: Sustainable Development On the Run
Page 309 and 310: comparison with other energy source
Page 311 and 312: Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
Page 313 and 314: 3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
Page 315 and 316: 3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
Page 317 and 318: 3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
Page 319 and 320: Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
Page 321 and 322: The Ministry of Water Resources is
Page 323 and 324: Table 1 Small hydropower potential
Page 325 and 326: 3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
Page 327 and 328: 13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
Page 329 and 330: Small hydropower potential in Turke
Page 331 and 332: 4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
Page 333 and 334: 2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
Page 335 and 336: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 337: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 341 and 342: The development of hydropower plant
Page 343 and 344: 2. European Small Hydropower Associ
Page 345 and 346: Renewable energy policy According t
Page 347 and 348: 4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
Page 349 and 350: 4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
Page 351 and 352: 11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
Page 353 and 354: Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
Page 355 and 356: References 1. Central Intelligence
Page 357 and 358: Regional overview and potential All
Page 359 and 360: 4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
Page 361 and 362: 4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
Page 363 and 364: 4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
Page 365 and 366: 4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 367 and 368: 4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 369 and 370: 5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
Page 371 and 372: 4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
Page 373 and 374: 4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
Page 375 and 376: 4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
Page 377 and 378: 4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
Page 379 and 380: Despite the issues which adversely
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Page 383 and 384: No. 9072 (last amended in November
Page 385 and 386: 7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
Page 387 and 388: Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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