WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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4.3.3 Croatia Pascal Hauser and Guillaume Albrieux, International Center on Small Hydro Power Key facts Population 4,480,043 1 Area 56,594 km 2 Climate Mediterranean and continental; predominantly continental with hot summers and cold winters; along the coast: mild winters, dry summers Topography Geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low mountains and highlands near Adriatic coastline and islands Rain pattern Annual average precipitation in Croatia is 975 mm, with values ranging from 650 mm in Eastern Slavonia to 3,800 mm in the area of Gorski Kotar. 2 Electricity sector overview Croatia’s Energy Development Strategy set three basic energy objectives for the period until 2020: security of electricity supply, competitiveness of the energy system, and sustainability of energy development. Renewables Oil Oil/ natural gas Coal Hydro 1.2% 4.3% 15.6% 16.2% 62.7% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Croatia Source: Energy Regulator’s Regional Association 3 Note: 4.7 TWh imported. For the projected electricity consumption of about 28 TWh in 2020, the Strategy envisages construction of 2,700 MW of base-load generating capacity, of which 300 MW is in large hydropower plants and 2,400 MW in thermal power plants. It also foresees intensive construction of power generating facilities harnessing renewable sources, such as wind parks, small hydropower plants, biomass, biogas, geothermal and solar power plants. The objective is to maintain the share of production from large hydropower and renewable energy sources in total electricity production at present level so that it constitutes 35 per cent by 2020. 4 The market opened up 100 per cent in July 2008. Power production, transmission, distribution and supply are all legally unbundled. Croatia is a net electricity importer (of 4.7 TWh in 2011). 3 Small hydropower sector overview and potential The installed capacity in Croatia is around 1,700 MW for hydropower storage plants and around 380 MW for run-of-river plants, resulting to an electricity production from hydropower sources of 8,309 GWh in 2010. 4 The total installed small hydropower capacity amounts to 39.65 MW (figure 2 and table). The definition for small hydropower plants in Croatia is less than 10 MW of capacity . 5 SHP installed capacity SHP potential n/a 39.65 MW 0 10 20 30 40 50 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Croatia Source: Beraković and others 5 Installed small hydropower capacity in Croatia Plant name Unit Number Total capacity (MW) 1.700 7.200 3.600 2.200 Operating since SHPP Zeleni Vir SHPP Jaruga SHPP Ozalj I SHPP Ozalj II 2 2 2 2 1922 1904 1908 1952 SHPP Zavrelje 1 2.000 1953 SHPP Krčić 1 0.440 1988 SHPP Čakovec 1 0.340 1982 SHPP Dubrava 2 0.680 1989 HPP Golubić 2 7.500 1981 PHPP Fužine 1 4.600 1957 PHPP Lepenica 1 1.140 1985 SHPP Čabranka Urh 1 0.008 .. SHPP Kupčina Bujan 1 0.045 .. SHPP Cotton industry 3 1.100 1937 “Duga Resa” SHPP Cement plant “10. 2 1.200 1913 kolovoz” SHPP Finvest I 4 1.260 1995 SHPP Finvest II 1 0.030 1997 SHPP Roški slap 2 1.772 1909/1998 SHPP Mataković 2 0.028 2004 HPP Varaždin 1 0.585 1975 HPP Čakovec 1 1.100 1982 HPP Dubrava 1 1.120 1989 Total 39.648 Source: Beraković and others 5 Note: SHPP – small hydropower plant, HPP – hydropower plant. The Energy Strategy by the Croatian Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship (2009) set a goal to build at least 100 MW of small hydropower plants by 2020. 6 According to Validzic (2011), about 200 MW of small hydropower plants are in the pipeline. 7 Yet, no potential assessment is available. 370
Renewable energy policy Using renewable energy is one of the strategic objectives within the national energy policy. Croatia has a goal to maintain 35 per cent of electricity generation share from renewable energy sources, including large hydropower plants, in its overall electricity consumption until 2020. It will promote a goal of renewable sources, including large hydropower plants, in final energy consumption of 20 per cent. 6 Legislation on small hydropower The feed-in tariff system in Croatia is comprehensive, with different tariff structures for plants smaller and larger than 1 MW, including a specific tariff for hydropower. 8 Only hydropower plants up to 10 MW are eligible. 9 Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship. Presentation at Energy Community 4th Renewable Energy Task Force Meeting Vienna, 29 November 2010. Available from www.energycommunity.org/pls/portal/docs/794182.PDF. 8. Clean Energy Portal - Reegle (2010). Croatia. Available from www.reegle.info/policy-and-regulatory-overviews/HR. 9. Legal Sources on Renewable Energy (<strong>2013</strong>). Croatia : Feed-in tariff. Available from www.reslegal.eu/en/search-by-country/croatia/single/s/rese/t/promotion/aid/feed-in-tariff/lastp/359/. Barriers to small hydropower development The small hydropower sector development needs high specific investments and faces limitations related to the environmental impact, cultural-historical heritage and landscape protection. In order to achieve the goals determined in the Energy Strategy, Croatia shall motivate the inspection of remaining water courses to determine the exact location and potential for construction, facilitate administrative procedures to obtain the necessary permits to construct small hydropower plants (particularly for small plants under 5 MW), and to harmonize energy legislation and other laws related to water management. 6 References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos. 2. European Small Hydropower Association (2008). Small Hydropower Energy Efficiency Campaign Action: Strategic Study for the Development of Small Hydro Power in the European Union. 3. Energy Regulator Regional Association (2012). Croatian Energy Regulatory Agency. Available from www.erranet.org/AboutUs/Members/Profiles/Croatia Accessed December 2012. 4. Hrvatska elektroprivreda (2010). Annual <strong>Report</strong> 2010. 5. Beraković, B., Pavlin, Ž., Štefanac, S. (2009). Small Hydro–A Part of Water Management. Available from http://wmhe.gf.ukim.edu.mk/Downloads/PapersTopic 3/A09-Berakovic-Pavlin-Stefanac.pdf. 6. The Republic of Croatia Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship (2009). Energy Strategy of the Republic of Croatia. Zagreb. Available from www.mingo.hr/userdocsimages/White%20Paper%20E nergy%20Staregy%20of%20the%20Republic%20of%2 0Croatia.pdf. 7. Validzic, D. (2011). Updates – Regulatory Framework for the Renewables in Croatia. 371
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
Page 335 and 336: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 339 and 340: parameters are taken into account.
Page 341 and 342: The development of hydropower plant
Page 343 and 344: 2. European Small Hydropower Associ
Page 345 and 346: Renewable energy policy According t
Page 347 and 348: 4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
Page 349 and 350: 4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
Page 351 and 352: 11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
Page 353 and 354: Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
Page 355 and 356: References 1. Central Intelligence
Page 357 and 358: Regional overview and potential All
Page 359 and 360: 4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
Page 361 and 362: 4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
Page 363 and 364: 4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
Page 365 and 366: 4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 367 and 368: 4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 369 and 370: 5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
Page 371 and 372: 4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
Page 373 and 374: 4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
Page 375 and 376: 4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
Page 377 and 378: 4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
Page 379 and 380: Despite the issues which adversely
Page 381 and 382: characteristic has provided the Gov
Page 383 and 384: No. 9072 (last amended in November
Page 385: 7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Page 393 and 394: Legislation on small hydropower The
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Page 397 and 398: Licensing procedure suitable for sm
Page 399 and 400: Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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Page 403 and 404: growing difficulty to obtain the ne
Page 405 and 406: Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
Page 409 and 410: The Stream Map Project recommends t
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Page 413 and 414: 4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
Page 415 and 416: 4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
Page 417 and 418: 4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
Page 419 and 420: 4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
Page 421 and 422: Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
Page 423 and 424: For New Zealand, the remaining pote
Page 425 and 426: Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
Page 427 and 428: 5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
Page 429 and 430: 5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
Page 431 and 432: The Government of Fiji developed a
Page 433 and 434: Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
Page 435 and 436: 5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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