WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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4.3.7 Montenegro Pascal Hauser and Lara Esser, International Center on Small Hydro Power Key facts Population 645,000 Area 13,812 km 2 Climate Prevalently Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland 1 Topography Highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus 1 Rain Pattern Annual average rainfall is 2,000 mm, locally up to 5,500 mm, with a maximum of 8,500 mm. 2 Electricity sector overview The Kosovo conflict in 1999 severely damaged the infrastructure in Montenegro. The energy generation depends almost entirely on hydropower and lignite resources. Energy efficiency is an issue especially with regard to heating based on electricity. 3 4 Emergency grants are in place to help rebuild the damaged systems, focusing in the short- and mediumterm on the reconstruction of electricity infrastructure. Therefore, renewable energy development will have a lower priority for now, except for the reconstruction of damaged hydropower facilities. There are currently no feed-in tariffs for renewable energy. 3 In 2011, a total of 2,679 GWh electricity was produced nationally with 1,050 GWh imported. Hydropower dominates the electricity mix (figure 1). The electricity market was opened in 2009 for all sectors except households. It will be opened for households in 2015. 5 Thermal Hydro 34.29% 65.71% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Montenegro Source: Elektroprivreda Crne Gore 6 Small hydropower sector overview and potential So far only about 17 per cent of Montenegro’s total hydropower potential has been utilized, mostly in larger power plants. Aware of the situation, the country’s Ministry of Economy promotes utilization of hydropower through issuing concessions for hydropower plants. 7 In 2011, 15 companies expressed interest in developing Montenegro’s small hydropower potential. 8 SHP installed capacity SHP potential 9 MW 240 MW 0 80 160 240 320 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Montenegro The installed capacity of the seven existing small hydropower plants amounts to 8.92 MW with an average annual production of about 21.4 GWh. The remaining technical hydropower potential of small hydropower plants (excluding the rivers of Tara, Cehotina and Ibar) is estimated at 231 MW and 644 GWh/year, in 70 locations. 9 Montenegro has a Clean Development Mechanism project that includes the construction of small hydropower plant Otilovici. It uses the excess flow of water from an existing accumulation, in a way that does not change the water regime or the river flow downstream. The construction is scheduled for June 2012 with inauguration in June 2014. The planned electricity production of this is 11.52 GWh. 10 Renewable energy policy Montenegro does not have an official renewable target for 2020 and is highly dependent on electricity imports. Fortunately it has significant potential in local renewable energy sources to reduce this dependence 11 . The Energy Development Strategy of Montenegro has a goal to have at least 20 per cent of renewable energy sources in primary energy consumption by 2025, in accordance with the objectives set by the European Commission. 7 The new Energy Act (passed in April 2010) provides incentives for using renewable energy sources and encourages cogeneration. Legislation on small hydropower A Small Hydro Development Strategy was adopted in 2006 as part of the energy sector reform. 5 The Montenegrin Energy Law (Article 32) states that electricity producers operating power plants with an installed capacity of up to 10 MW based on renewable resources, have the right to sell the electricity generated to the distribution network at a price that is calculated with the methodology adopted by the Ministry of Economy. The Ministry of Economic issued Guidelines for defining the calculation methodology for purchase price for electricity from small hydropower plants (based on the decision 08/1031-1 02.06.2008). The small hydropower production may reach up to 3.5 per cent to cover the annual balance needed for electricity, in accordance with the strategy for 378
development and construction of small hydropower plants in Montenegro. 12 References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos. 2. Waterwiki (2009). Serbia and Montenegro. Available from http://waterwiki.net/index.php/Serbia_and_Montene gro Accessed December 2012. 3. European Bank of Reconstruction and Development (2009). Montenegro. European Bank of Reconstruction and Development. Available from http://ebrdrenewables.com/sites/renew/countries/M ontenegro/default.aspx. 4. Austrian Energy Agency (2007). Energy Policy, Legislative Background. Austrian Energy Agency – Energy in Central and Eastern Europe. Available from www.enercee.net/montenegro/energy-policy.html. 5. Energy Regulator Regional Association (2012). Membership Profile: Montenegro - Energy Regulatory Agency of the Republic of Montenegro. Available from www.erranet.org/AboutUs/Members/Profiles/Monte negro. 6. Elektroprivreda Crne Gore (2011). Electricity consumption. Available from www.epcg.co.me/en01_03_03.html. 7. Ministry of Economic Development of Montenegro (2007). Energy Development Strategy of Montenegro by 2025 White Book. Podgorica. 8. Komnenic, P. (2011). Fifteen firms eye Montenegro hydro-power plants. 1 February 2011. UK: Reuters. Available from http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/01/montenegr o-energy-hydro-idUKLDE7101PU20110201. 9. European Bank of Reconstruction and Development (2010). Policy/Regulatory: Montenegrin Energy Law. European Bank of Reconstruction and Development. Available from http://ebrdrenewables.com/sites/renew/Lists/PolicyR egulatory/DispForm1.aspx?ID=179&Source=http%3A %2F%2Febrdrenewables.com%2Fsites%2Frenew%2Fc ountries%2FMontenegro%2Fdefault.aspx. 10. Elektroprivreda Crne Gore (2011). Construction of small HPP “Otilovici”, the first clean development mechanism project in energetics in Montenegro. Elektroprivreda Crne Gore website. Available from www.epcg.co.me/en08_01_0020.html. 11. Clean Energy Portal - Reegle (2012) Montenegro. www.reegle.info/countries/montenegro-energyprofile/ME. 12. Regulatorne agencije za energetiku (2012). Odluku o utvrđivanju otkupne cijene električne energije iz malih HE. Available from www.regagen.co.me/odlukaoutvrotkucijeneelenizmali hHE2.html. 379
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
Page 343 and 344: 2. European Small Hydropower Associ
Page 345 and 346: Renewable energy policy According t
Page 347 and 348: 4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
Page 349 and 350: 4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
Page 351 and 352: 11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
Page 353 and 354: Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
Page 355 and 356: References 1. Central Intelligence
Page 357 and 358: Regional overview and potential All
Page 359 and 360: 4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
Page 361 and 362: 4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
Page 363 and 364: 4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
Page 365 and 366: 4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 367 and 368: 4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 369 and 370: 5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
Page 371 and 372: 4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
Page 373 and 374: 4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
Page 375 and 376: 4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
Page 377 and 378: 4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
Page 379 and 380: Despite the issues which adversely
Page 381 and 382: characteristic has provided the Gov
Page 383 and 384: No. 9072 (last amended in November
Page 385 and 386: 7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
Page 387 and 388: Renewable energy policy Using renew
Page 389 and 390: development of small water currents
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Page 393: Legislation on small hydropower The
Page 397 and 398: Licensing procedure suitable for sm
Page 399 and 400: Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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Page 403 and 404: growing difficulty to obtain the ne
Page 405 and 406: Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
Page 407 and 408: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 409 and 410: The Stream Map Project recommends t
Page 411 and 412: action. It will be also a good tool
Page 413 and 414: 4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
Page 415 and 416: 4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
Page 417 and 418: 4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
Page 419 and 420: 4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
Page 421 and 422: Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
Page 423 and 424: For New Zealand, the remaining pote
Page 425 and 426: Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
Page 427 and 428: 5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
Page 429 and 430: 5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
Page 431 and 432: The Government of Fiji developed a
Page 433 and 434: Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
Page 435 and 436: 5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
Page 437 and 438: 5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
Page 439 and 440: 5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
Page 441 and 442: organizations and foreign governmen
Page 443 and 444: Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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