WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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Union for Conservation of Nature and Vanuatu Energy Unit. December 2010. Port Vila: Vanuatu Energy Unit, Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources. 7. Union Electrique du Vanuatu. UNELCO. Available from www.eec.nc/groupe.asp. 8. Federal State of Micronesia, Department of Resources and Development (2012). Available from www.fsmrd.fm/#. 9. International Renewable Energy Agency (2012). Federated States of Micronesia:Renewable Energy Profile. Available from www.irena.org/REmaps/countryprofiles/pacific/micro nesia.pdf. 10. US Energy Information Administration (2009). Country Analysis Brief: French Polynesia. Available from www.eia.gov/countries/countrydata.cfm?fips=FP. 11. Young, R. (2012). Samoa Country Report. See within this publication. 12. International Renewable Energy Agency (2012). IRENA Policy Brief: Policy Challenges for Renewable Energy Deployment in Pacific Island Countries and Territories, p. 24. 13. Woodruff, A. (2007). An Economic Assessment of Renewable Energy Options for Rural Electrification in Pacific Island Countries. Suva, Fiji: Australia Government and Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC). February. 14. Gonelevu, A., Fiji Department of Energy (2002). Mini and micro hydropower developments in the Republics of the Fiji Islands. Available from www.hrcshp.org/en/world/db/fiji.pdf. 15. United Nations Development Programme (2010). Fiji: Promoting Sustainability of Renewable Energy Technologies and Renewable Energy Service Companies. Final Evaluation Report. 16. GHD (2010). Vanuatu Electrification Feasibility Study at Talise: Final Report. Pacific Regional Environment Programme. 17. Governments of the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu, United Nations Development Programme and Global Environment Facility (2006) Pacific Islands Greenhouse Gas Abatement through Renewable Energy Project (2006- 2011). Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme. Available from www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/documents/proje cts/WSM/00044633/PIGGAREP_prodoc.pdf. 416
Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, International Center on Small Hydro Power Key facts Population 890,057 1 Area 18,272 km 2 (land area), 104,000 km 2 (total area) 2 Climate Tropical marine, only slight seasonal temperature variation Topography Three hundred and twenty islands (only one third are inhabited); mostly mountains of volcanic origin Rain pattern Rainfall is usually abundant during the wet season (November to April), especially over the larger islands, and is often deficient during the rest of the year, particularly in the dry zone on the north-western sides of the main islands. Annual rainfall in the dry zones averages around 2,000 mm, whereas in the wet zones, it ranges from 3,000 mm around the coast to 6,000 mm on the mountainous sites. The smaller islands receive between 1,500 mm and 3,500 mm. 3 Electricity overview The total installed capacity of all Fiji’s power plants is 269 MW (2011). A small part of the total capacity are plants independent of the national electricity utility Fiji Electric Authority (FEA), and operated by villages, Wind IPPs 1% 2% Small hydropower sector overview and potential Fiji has had a history of small hydropower production dating back to the 1920s (figure 2). Schemes with capacities up to 100 kW are referred to as micro hydropower, and capacities up to 1.5 MW are mini hydropower. 2 SHP installed capacity SHP potential ~10 MW 0 5 10 15 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Fiji 14.7 MW The Fijian Department of Energy (DoE) is carrying out monitoring and evaluation of potential sites. The DoE has published preliminary data collected from roughly 200 sites around the country. The total installed micro-hydropower capacity is about 960 kW (84 per cent at Wainikeu/Wainiqeu, a system operated by the FEA). It is estimated that the four additional sites where the DoE is planning to install monitoring equipment might represent a combined 500 kW potential. 6 In the beginning of 2011, a feasibility study was carried out for a small hydropower plant on Fiji’s third largest island, Taveuni. The project will be built to reduce its reliance on diesel-powered generators. The dam site is on a creek interspersed with high falls, in the forests behind Somosomo village. 7 There is a proposed project at Somosomo on Taveuni island with a capacity of 700 kW in a run-of-river configuration. China is providing a US$10-million grant to fund the construction of the hydropower scheme. 8 and the Public Works Department. 5 34% Heavy fuel oil Diesel Hydropower 15% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Fiji Source: Fiji Electricity Agency 4 Note: Data from 2010. In 2010, 48 per cent of electricity production came from hydropower (figure 1). The majority of hydropower plants are publicly owned. About 60 MW of FEA’s own generating capacity are hydropower. Fiji is well endowed with resources for development of both large- and small-scale hydropower projects. The technically feasible hydropower potential in Fiji is estimated to be 1,089 GWh/year, and so far about 36 per cent of the potential has been developed. 5 48% In the case of Fiji, if the three bigger installations at Wainikasou and Vaturu are excluded, there are still a number of mini or micro hydro sites with an installed capacity of approximately 960 kW as shown in the table. Eighty-four per cent of this is at the Wainiqeu/Wainikeu system operated by FEA and connected to the Vanua Levu grid. Small hydropower projects in Fiji Project/ system Location (island) Installation year Capacity (kW) Wainiqeu Vanua Levu 1992 800 Nasoqo Viti levu 1984 4 Bukuya Viti Levu 1989 100 Vatukarasa Viti Levu 1993 3 Koro Kadavu 1994 20 Muana, Cakaudrove Vanua Levu 1999 30 Source: APCTT-UNESCAP 9 Currently, there are at least two Clean Development Mechanism financed small hydropower plants in Fiji. 417
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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Page 385 and 386: 7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
Page 387 and 388: Renewable energy policy Using renew
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Page 393 and 394: Legislation on small hydropower The
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Page 397 and 398: Licensing procedure suitable for sm
Page 399 and 400: Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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Page 403 and 404: growing difficulty to obtain the ne
Page 405 and 406: Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
Page 407 and 408: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 409 and 410: The Stream Map Project recommends t
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Page 413 and 414: 4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
Page 415 and 416: 4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
Page 417 and 418: 4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
Page 419 and 420: 4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
Page 421 and 422: Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
Page 423 and 424: For New Zealand, the remaining pote
Page 425 and 426: Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
Page 427 and 428: 5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
Page 429 and 430: 5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
Page 431: The Government of Fiji developed a
Page 435 and 436: 5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
Page 437 and 438: 5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
Page 439 and 440: 5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
Page 441 and 442: organizations and foreign governmen
Page 443 and 444: Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
Page 445 and 446: In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
Page 447 and 448: Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
Page 449 and 450: 5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
Page 451 and 452: List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
Page 453 and 454: South America 178 1 Overview of cou
Page 455 and 456: Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
Page 457 and 458: 67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
Page 459 and 460: 155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
Page 461 and 462: 254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
Page 463 and 464: 347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
Page 465 and 466: 431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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