WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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Table 2 Classification of small hydropower in Eastern Europe Country Small (MW) Mini (MW) Micro (kW) Pico (kW) Belarus a up to 10 5–100 up to 5 Bulgaria b up to 10 Czech Rep. b up to 10 Hungary b up to 5 Poland b up to 5 Rep. of Moldova .. Romania b up to 10 Russian up to 30 Federation c Slovakia b up to 10 Ukraine .. Sources a Belarusian web portal on Renewable Energy. 10 This value may not be official. b European Small Hydropower Association 11 c International Journal on Hydropower and Dams 1 Regional overview and potential All 10 countries in the region use small hydropower with a wide range of contributions to their national grids: from 0.1 per cent to 100 per cent. Support mechanisms for small hydropower exist in most countries in the region through tradable green certificates (Poland, Romania), investment support scheme (Slovakia), and feed-in tariffs (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Ukraine ii ). While legislative frameworks to support small-scale, alternative or renewable energy exist in Belarus, Republic of Moldova and the Russian Federation, concrete financial support mechanisms for small hydropower remain undefined. Meanwhile the Water Framework Directive is being implemented in all EU member states and its implementation might cause higher residual flow requirements for small hydropower and an increase in their operating costs. Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 MW in Eastern Europe Country Potential (MW) Planned (MW) Installed capacity (MW) Generation (GWh/year) Belarus at least 15.0 .. 15.0 28 Bulgaria 380.0 117.0 263.0 630 Czech 465.0 43.0 297.0 1 159 Republic Hungary 28.0 14.0 14.0 67 Rep. of Moldova 1.3 1.2 0.1 .. Poland 332.0 57.0 275.0 1 036 Romania 730.0 343.0 387.0 719 Russian Federation a 1 300.0 .. 1 300.0 .. Slovakia 140.0 60.0 80.0 303 Ukraine b 104.0 .. 104.0 250 Total 3 495 .3 635.2 n2735. 1 4 192 Sources: See country reports Notes: The total small hydropower potential given for all countries (except the Russian Federation and Ukraine) is based on the estimated installed capacity by 2020. a. The Russian Federation has a technical feasible potential of 350 000 GWh/year for plants up to 30 MW. 1 b. Ukraine has planned 2,900 GWh/year. 1 The total small hydropower installed capacity in the 10 Eastern European countries is approximately 2,735 MW (table 3). The largest country, the Russian Federation, has the highest installed capacity at 1,300 MW. The countries with the least hydropower capacity are Belarus and Republic of Moldova. The small hydropower potential is estimated to be over 3,495 MW (table 3) in the region. In both the Russian Federation and Belarus the number of installed small hydropower plants used to be much higher, mainly for the purpose of rural electrification of remote areas but as the main electricity grid was developed, many of the plants were shut down due to the lack of economic incentive coupled with a lack of expertise for maintenance. 12 The Stream Map project iii reveals that during the last 10 years new small hydropower potential has been greatly affected by the environmental legislation that falls under areas that are designated, such as EU Natura 2000, the EU Water Framework Directive and others. Environmental mitigation measures will add to the costs of electricity generation, limiting further the economic potential of small hydropower. These environmental limitations are imposed, for example, in Slovakia where only 38 per cent of economic feasible potential is realizable in the current situation. 13 Note i. The Visegrad Four, also known as the Visegrad Group or simply V4, reflects the efforts of the Central European countries to work together in a number of fields of common interest within the all-European integration. ii. The feed-in tariff in Ukraine is usually called green tariff. iii. The Stream Map project was co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Commission. It aimed to define a clear and consistent roadmap in Europe for the small hydropower sector. The project was completed in 2012. References 1. International Journal on Hydropower and Dams (2011). World Atlas and Industry Guide 2011. Surrey, UK: Aquamedia International 316
2. The Russian Federation, Ministry of Energy (2012). Renewable Energy. Available from http://minenergo.gov.ru/activity/vie/ Accessed November 2012. 3. Energy Regulators Regional Association (2012). Member Profiles. Available from www.erranet.org/Library/ERRA_Member_Profiles. 4. Autorităţii Naţionale de Reglementare în domeniul Energiei (2011). Raport 2011 privind activitatea (in Romanian). Available from www.anre.ro/informatii.php?id=1114 Accessed November 2012. 5. Russian Federation, Ministry of Energy (2012). Main types of Electricity Production in Russia (In Russian). Available from www.minenergo.gov.ru/activity/powerindustry/powers ector/structure/manufacture_principal_views/ Accessed November 2012. 6. Slovenskej elektrizačnej prenosovej sústavy (2011). Annual <strong>Report</strong> 2011. 7. Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (2012). ACER Workplan 2011-2014. Available from www.acer.europa.eu/Electricity/Regional_initiatives/Pa ges/Work-Programmes-2011-2014.aspx 8. Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (2012). Coordination Group for Electricity Regional Initiatives. ERI Quarterly <strong>Report</strong> #3. July 2012 – September 2012. 9. Gerasimov, Y. (2010). Energy sector in Belarus: Focus on wood and peat fuels. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 171. 10. Belarusan webportal on renewable energy. Available from http://re.buildingefficiency.info/en/renewable-energytechnologies/hydroelectricity/. 11. European Small Hydropower Association (2008). Small Hydropower Energy Efficiency Campaign Action - Strategic Study for the Development of Small Hydro Power in the European Union. 12. Enov, B. (2010). Small Hydropower in Russia: Past, Present and Future. Power Tec Magazine, Issue 2. 13. European Small Hydropower Association and Intelligent Energy Europe (2012). Stream Map for Small Hydropower in the EU-27 in the view of the 2020 targets. www.StreamMap.esha.be/. 317
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
Page 281 and 282: Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
Page 283 and 284: 3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
Page 285 and 286: presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
Page 287 and 288: Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
Page 289 and 290: 3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
Page 291 and 292: 3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
Page 293 and 294: 3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
Page 295 and 296: The International Finance Corporati
Page 297 and 298: 5. To enhance awareness on the role
Page 299 and 300: sustainability in policy is expecte
Page 301 and 302: ecent policy shift by the National
Page 303 and 304: 2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
Page 305 and 306: 3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
Page 307 and 308: Sustainable Development On the Run
Page 309 and 310: comparison with other energy source
Page 311 and 312: Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
Page 313 and 314: 3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
Page 315 and 316: 3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
Page 317 and 318: 3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
Page 319 and 320: Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
Page 321 and 322: The Ministry of Water Resources is
Page 323 and 324: Table 1 Small hydropower potential
Page 325 and 326: 3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
Page 327 and 328: 13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
Page 329 and 330: Small hydropower potential in Turke
Page 331: 4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
Page 335 and 336: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 337 and 338: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 339 and 340: parameters are taken into account.
Page 341 and 342: The development of hydropower plant
Page 343 and 344: 2. European Small Hydropower Associ
Page 345 and 346: Renewable energy policy According t
Page 347 and 348: 4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
Page 349 and 350: 4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
Page 351 and 352: 11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
Page 353 and 354: Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
Page 355 and 356: References 1. Central Intelligence
Page 357 and 358: Regional overview and potential All
Page 359 and 360: 4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
Page 361 and 362: 4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
Page 363 and 364: 4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
Page 365 and 366: 4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 367 and 368: 4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 369 and 370: 5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
Page 371 and 372: 4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
Page 373 and 374: 4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
Page 375 and 376: 4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
Page 377 and 378: 4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
Page 379 and 380: Despite the issues which adversely
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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