WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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Conference Proceedings' Energy Future on The Role of Impact Assessment 32 nd Annual Meeting of the International Association for Impact Assessment, 27 May- 1 June 2012. Centro de Congresso da Alfândega, Porto, Portugal. Available from www.iaia.org/conferences/iaia12. 7. Banasiak, B. (2012). Subsidy: National Energy Fund. Legal Sources on Renewable Energy. Available from http://176.9.160.135/search-by-country/iceland. 8. Einarsson, K. (2012). Icelandic Master Plan for the Protection and Development of Hydropower and Geothermal Resources. Paper presented at 2 nd Workshop on Water Management, Water Framework Directive and Hydropower 13-14 September 2011, Brussels. Available from www.ecologicevents.de/hydropower2/documents/IS_Einarsson_mast er_plan_sep2011.pdf. 9. Landsvirkjun (2012). Hydro and geothermal stations. Available from www.landsvirkjun.com/Company/PowerStations/ Accessed November 2012. 10. Mannvit (2012). Small Hydropower (under 10 MW) Available from www.mannvit.com/HydroelectricPower/SmallHydropow er/ Accessed December 2012. 350
4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, International Center on Small Hydro Power SHP installed capacity 42 MW Key facts Population 4,722,028 Area 70,273 km 2 Climate Temperate maritime; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid 1 Topography Mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills and low mountains; sea cliffs on west coast 1 Rain Pattern Annual rainfall in most of the eastern half of the country is between 750 mm and 1,000 mm. In the west it averages between 1,000 mm and 1,250 mm. In many mountainous districts rainfall exceeds 2,000 mm. 2 Electricity sector overview Electricity services in Ireland are provided by the Electricity Supply Board (ESB), a state body owned and controlled by the Government. The ESB owns and manages the electricity network and operates 19 major power stations throughout Ireland and a number of smaller stations in 28 sites around the country. 3 The bulk of electricity supply is from fossil fuels (including peat) although wind power is of increasing importance (figure 1). Gas Oil & Refinery Gas Import Hydro Landfill Gas, Biomass, Fuel Oil Wind Peat Coal Natural Gas 0.7% 0.8% 1.0% 1.5% 2.1% 4.9% 10.0% 17.6% 61.4% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Ireland Source: Commission of Energy Regulation 4 In February 2005, the retail electricity market was fully opened to competition. 4 On 1 November 2007, the Single Electricity Market (SEM) went live commencing the trading of wholesale electricity in Ireland and Northern Ireland on an All-Island basis. 5 Small hydropower sector overview and potential The existing small hydropower capacity in Ireland is about 42 MW with an estimated generation of 160 GWh per year (figure 2). 6 SHP potential 60 MW 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Ireland Source: Stream Map 6 Note: Data from 2010. Potential based on planned capacity by 2020. The Irish Hydropower Association estimates, for example, that up to 600 old mill sites around the country could be developed into hydropower generation sites. A reasonable estimate (assuming that not all of these sites are redeveloped) is 25 MW capacity with a production of up to 130 GWh per year. Additionally, 10 more potential high-head sites (each 500 kW) could be developed. 7 In 2010, two local authorities commissioned reports to identify the small hydropower potential in their counties. Twenty-seven hydro sites were assessed in County Kilkenny using a calculation tool and producing a map illustrating potential power output. The study identified the hydro resources that can be tapped by local community groups, land owners and local industries. Under the Kilkenny LEADER Partnership Rural Development Strategy 2007-<strong>2013</strong>, funding is available for the development of renewable energy resources in the county. 8 In 2010, five commercial and five domestic suitable sites were identified for hydropower generation, with a total annual electricity production potential of 1,232 MWh and 116 MWh per year respectively. A further 10 commercial and 100 domestic sites that are financially viable exist in County Clare. 9 Renewable energy policy According to the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP), the renewable energy target of Ireland for 2020 is 16 per cent of gross final energy consumption. Irish Government policy is to encourage the production of energy from renewable resources through the Alternative Energy Requirements Scheme. The Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources in its Strategy for Renewable Energy (2012- 2020) aims at five strategic goals: increasing on and offshore wind, building a sustainable bioenergy sector, fostering research and development in renewables such as wave and tidal, growing sustainable transport and building out robust and efficient networks. 10 Legislation on small hydropower The Renewable Energy Feed-In-Tariff 2 (REFIT2) includes hydropower up to 5 MW, with a rate of 8.3 euro cents per kWh. REFIT 2 is designed to incentivize the addition 351
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
Page 315 and 316: 3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
Page 317 and 318: 3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
Page 319 and 320: Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
Page 321 and 322: The Ministry of Water Resources is
Page 323 and 324: Table 1 Small hydropower potential
Page 325 and 326: 3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
Page 327 and 328: 13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
Page 329 and 330: Small hydropower potential in Turke
Page 331 and 332: 4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
Page 333 and 334: 2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
Page 335 and 336: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 339 and 340: parameters are taken into account.
Page 341 and 342: The development of hydropower plant
Page 343 and 344: 2. European Small Hydropower Associ
Page 345 and 346: Renewable energy policy According t
Page 347 and 348: 4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
Page 349 and 350: 4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
Page 351 and 352: 11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
Page 353 and 354: Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
Page 355 and 356: References 1. Central Intelligence
Page 357 and 358: Regional overview and potential All
Page 359 and 360: 4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
Page 361 and 362: 4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
Page 363 and 364: 4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
Page 365: 4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 369 and 370: 5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
Page 371 and 372: 4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
Page 373 and 374: 4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
Page 375 and 376: 4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
Page 377 and 378: 4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
Page 379 and 380: Despite the issues which adversely
Page 381 and 382: characteristic has provided the Gov
Page 383 and 384: No. 9072 (last amended in November
Page 385 and 386: 7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
Page 387 and 388: Renewable energy policy Using renew
Page 389 and 390: development of small water currents
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Page 393 and 394: Legislation on small hydropower The
Page 395 and 396: development and construction of sma
Page 397 and 398: Licensing procedure suitable for sm
Page 399 and 400: Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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Page 403 and 404: growing difficulty to obtain the ne
Page 405 and 406: Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
Page 409 and 410: The Stream Map Project recommends t
Page 411 and 412: action. It will be also a good tool
Page 413 and 414: 4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
Page 415 and 416: 4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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