WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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One of the objectives on renewable energy development by the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) is to supply energy to the isolated zones, far from the gas distribution networks (such as the electricity and oil products). Another objective is to contribute to the preservation of hydrocarbons reserves by the development of renewable energy resources, particularly solar. Barriers to small hydropower development All forms of hydropower in the region are facing stagnation in potential expansion due to geographical and climatic limitations. This in turn forces the Government to move funding and opportunities away from the hydropower sector and towards alternative technologies such as wind and solar, which have increasingly become more attractive options. 12 This is reflected by the fact that hydropower is absent from the MEM’s Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency National Programme. Furthermore, researchers in the field have also openly claimed that hydropower was excluded from the evaluations of renewable energy potential. 13 References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ 2. Commission de Régulation de l’Électricité et du Gaz (2012). Electricite. Available from www.creg.gov.dz/index.php?option=com_content&vie w=article&id=400&Itemid=482&lang=en. 3. International Energy Agency (2011). World Energy Outlook 2011. 4. International Journal on Hydropower and Dams (2011). World Atlas and Industry Guide 2011. 5. Perspective Monde (2009). Statistiques: Algérie. Available from http://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMTen danceStatPays?codeTheme=6&codeStat=EG.ELC.HYRO.Z S&codePays=DZA&codeTheme2=6&codeStat2=x&langu e=en. 6. Brand, B. and Zingerle, J. (2011). The Renewable Energy Targets of the Maghgreb Countries: Impact on Electricity Supply and Conventional Power Markets Energy Policy 39 p 4411-4419. 7. Comité Maghrébin de l’Electricité (2007). Statistiques d’Electricité du COMELEC 2007. Available from http://comelec-net.org/. 8. Enipedia. Available from http://enipedia.tudelft.nl/wiki/. 9. Ministry of Energy and Mining (2011). Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Programme. Available from www.memalgeria.org/francais/uploads/enr/Programmeme_ENR_e t_efficacite_energetique_en.pdf. Accessed September 2012. 10. Ruschkowski, S. (2012). Algerien legt Programmem zur Finanzierung von Erneuerbaren Energien über 120 Milliarden Dollar auf. 12 September 2012. Available from http://algerien.ahk.de/kompetenzfelder/erneuerbareenergien/. Accessed July <strong>2013</strong>. 11. Coats, C. (2012). Algeria Takes Solar Steps with Tender and Grand Plans. Forbes, 23 July 2012. Available from www.forbes.com/sites/christophercoats/2012/07/23/al geria-takes-solar-steps-with-tender-and-grandplans/.Accessed September 2012. 12. Abengoa (2011). Abengoa Solar Annual <strong>Report</strong> Available from www.abengoasolar.com/export/sites/abengoasolar/res ources/pdf/IA_Actividades_2011_Ing.pdf Accessed December 2012. 13. Supersberger N., Abedou A., Brand V., Ferfera N., Kumetat D., Hammouda N., Kennouche T. and Boucherf K. (2010). Algeria- A Future Supplier of Electricity from Renewble Energies for Europe? Algeria’s Perspective and Current European Approaches. Wuppertal Institute. 82
1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal Hauser, International Center on Small Hydro Power Key facts Population 83,688,164 1 Area 1,001,450 km 2 Climate Desert climate is prevalent, with hot, dry summers (May to October) and moderate winters (November to April) Topography Vast desert plateau interrupted by the Nile valley and delta Rain Pattern Egypt receives less than 80 mm of precipitation annually in most areas, although in the coastal areas it reaches 200 mm. 2 Electricity sector overview The electricity supply in Egypt is highly dependent on fossil fuels, generating electricity mostly through conventional thermal power stations. The total installed power capacity in Egypt is 24,726 MW. The percentage of electricity generated from hydropower is 12 per cent and is not likely to increase in the short term as the newer plants being built are mainly based on fossil fuels Wind Hydro 2.00% 11.30% the decentralized use of renewable energy resources is under consideration, since grid extensions are economically unfeasible. 6 Ageing infrastructure coupled with rapid increases in demand, especially in the industrial sector, have caused intermittent blackouts (i.e. summer of 2012), as a result there had been protests from customers who were beginning to threaten non-payment. 7 In view of this the planned investment in the sector by the Government has become increasingly necessary. 8 Small hydropower sector overview and potential The Egyptian governmental policy has consistently emphasized the importance of hydropower for the country. There is a view that most potential hydropower resources have already been developed. Egypt’s hydropower potential is about 3,664 MW with an estimated energy of 15,300 GWh per annum. There are currently five main dams in operation all located on the River Nile. Almost all the electricity generation comes from Aswan High Dam and Aswan Reservoir Dams. 3 The share of hydropower represented about 9.2 per cent from total electricity generation in 2009-2010. In Egypt, the power generation from hydro resources started in 1960 for the purpose of constructing Aswan Dam to control the Nile water discharge for irrigation. SHP installed capacity 7 MW (figure 1). 3 46.30% Gas isolated plants Combined cycle isolated plants Steam isolated plants 11.50% 28.90% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Egypt Source: Ministry of Electricity and Energy/ Egyptian Electricity Holding Company 4 Note: Data from 2009/2010. The electricity consumption in Egypt has been increasing rapidly. Between 2005 and 2009, the commercial sector has experienced the most rapid average annual growth (at 10.2 per cent), followed by public utilities (at 9.4 per cent), government (8.3 per cent), agriculture (at 7.9 per cent), residential (at 7.5 per cent), and industry (at 5.9 per cent). 4 Peak electricity demand has also grown substantially, increasing by over two-fold, from 6,902 MW in 1990 to 24,726 MW in 2010. 1 SHP potential 32 MW 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Egypt Sources: combined from Deutsche Gesellschaft für technische Zusammenarbeit 6 , Hydro Power Plant Executive Authority 9 , Soliman 10 The country’s Hydro Power Plants Executive Authority (HPPEA) is an affiliate entity to the Ministry of Electricity and Energy. It is responsible for the study, execution and the development of hydropower projects. Egypt has an installed capacity of small hydropower at 6.8 MW (figure 2). 6 The HPPEA and The Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (EEHC) are coordinating planning, preparation of feasibility studies and follow up of the execution of the following hydropower plant projects (see table). As of 2009, the electrification rate in the country reached 99.4 per cent with 99 per cent electrified in rural areas. For the few remaining remote settlements, 83
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
Page 47 and 48: 10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
Page 49 and 50: the district of Mulanje. The Agency
Page 51 and 52: 1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
Page 53 and 54: 1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
Page 55 and 56: with local entrepreneurs to extend
Page 57 and 58: 1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
Page 59 and 60: 1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
Page 61 and 62: Different donor agencies have assis
Page 63 and 64: 1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
Page 65 and 66: 5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
Page 67 and 68: Table 1 Installed small hydropower
Page 69 and 70: newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
Page 71 and 72: 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
Page 73 and 74: Table 2 Potential small hydropower
Page 75 and 76: 1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
Page 77 and 78: the challenge remains as to whether
Page 79 and 80: Francis turbine. Project commission
Page 81 and 82: 1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
Page 83 and 84: 1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
Page 85 and 86: out according to social, economic a
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Page 89 and 90: 1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
Page 91 and 92: 1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
Page 93 and 94: 1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
Page 95 and 96: 1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
Page 97: 1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
Page 101 and 102: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 103 and 104: SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
Page 105 and 106: 16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
Page 107 and 108: construction and the project will b
Page 109 and 110: Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
Page 111 and 112: 1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
Page 113 and 114: 1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
Page 115 and 116: and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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Page 119 and 120: 1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
Page 121 and 122: hydropower in South Africa and the
Page 123 and 124: Integrated resource plan for electr
Page 125 and 126: Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
Page 127 and 128: 1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
Page 129 and 130: Trust funds for renewable energy te
Page 131 and 132: According to a 2010 analysis for in
Page 133 and 134: consumption, as well as cost deprec
Page 135 and 136: Sustainable energy through developi
Page 137 and 138: enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
Page 139 and 140: Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
Page 141 and 142: 1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
Page 143 and 144: 1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
Page 145 and 146: 1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
Page 147 and 148: 3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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