WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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2.2.2 Costa Rica Marcello Hernández and José Pablo Rojas, CEGESTI; Carlos González, HIDROTECNIA Consultores, Costa Rica SHP installed capacity 91.1 MW Key facts Population 4,636,348 1 Area 51,100 km 2 Climate Tropical and sub-tropical 1 Topography Mostly flat, with swampy coastal plains and low mountains in the South. Highest point: Cerro Chiripo, 3,810 m 1 Rain pattern Rainy season from May to November. Dry season from February to May. Hurricane season from June to November when coastal flooding, especially in the South, may occur. 1 Electricity sector overview Costa Rica has almost a complete national rate of electrification: in 2010 it was 99.2 per cent. Approximately 93 per cent of the electricity is obtained from renewable sources, only seven per cent from thermal sources (figure 1). The Costa Rican Institute of Electricity (Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, ICE) has acted as a monopoly in the electricity generation sector of the country since its inception in 1949. Subsequently, other public-sector generators and some company-type rural electrification cooperatives were created, which have begun to develop small electricity generation projects. Biomass Wind Thermal Geothermal Hydro 0.25% 2.10% 7.19% 12.01% 78.45% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Costa Rica Source: Grupo Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad 2 Small hydropower sector overview and potential As of 2009, the combined capacity of the 18 publicly-owned and the 16 privately-owned small hydropower plants totalled to 91.1 MW, with individual installed capacities ranging from 60 kW to 10.5 MW (figure 2). 2 According to a study by the Public Services Regulatory Authority (Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos, ARESEP), Costa Rica has a hydropower potential of 4,963 MW, which suggests the possibility of reaching quadruple hydropower generation in the country. 3 Yet, the specific small hydro potential has not been identified. SHP potential unknown 0 30 60 90 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Costa Rica In Costa Rica, the small hydropower value chain is well developed. 4 On top of that, Clean Development Mechanism projects implemented in the country also include small hydropower projects. Renewable energy policy In 1990, Act 7200 was enacted, allowing private-sector participation in electricity generation from renewable energy sources. This law had limited private participation (up to 15 per cent) in the national electric power system and after an amendment by Act 7508, the private-sector participation project limit was raised from 20 MW to up to 50 MW under the Build, Operate, and Transfer (BOT) modality, which must be executed through tenders by ICE. Importantly, under this law, all projects must use renewable energy. The National Development Plan (Plan Nacional de Desarrollo, PND) 2011-2014 has established the goal to produce 95 per cent of Costa Rica’s electricity from renewable energy sources within its priority goals. 5 Hydropower is the main renewable source due to its resource abundance and the vision of the national leaders in the 1950s that recognized the environmental and competitive advantage of having a clean energy mix. The National Development Plan also promotes carbon neutrality, the use of clean energies and generally, the rational use of resources. The goal is to install 334 MW of clean energy with both public and private efforts. Costa Rica challenges itself by aiming to be carbon-neutral by, the bicentenary of its independence, thus the continuity of policies and actions favouring renewables in the country is essential. Under the National Rural Electrification Programme with Renewable Resources, ICE has sought to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, encouraging the use of decentralized renewable energy systems in areas that are isolated from the National Interconnected System. This would enable a nearly 100 per cent electrification rate, while achieving a reduction of more than 210,000 tons of CO 2 . 5 6 Despite the Government's effort to have an electricity mix based on renewable energies, it is clear that the growing electricity demand and the climate variability scenarios bring several uncertainties. The private 162
sector and rural communities will be essential partners in supporting clean power generation. The Ministry of the Environment, Energy and Technology (MINAET) is the state entity of the country's energy planning by the Energy Sector Management Directorate (DSE) and one of the basic objectives is to diversify the energy mix through the use of renewable energies available at a commercial level. In various documents such as the National Energy Plan (PNE) from 2008 to 2021, one of the strategic objectives is to promote the use of renewable and indigenous energy for electricity generation. Article 1 of Guideline 14 by MINAET, states that “the institutions of Electricity Sub sector should encourage the development of electricity generation systems on a small scale for personal consumption, using renewable energy sources like solar, wind, biomass and small-scale hydropower...". Article 2 of Guideline 15 requires "ICE to submit to the Sub-Rector of Energy, within two months, a plan for implementing power generation projects of limited capacity ...”. This objective is reinforced by the General Electricity Law, currently presented by the Executive to the Legislature by the record 17.812, where priority is given to energy planning of the national renewable energy sources and a retail market with renewable projects that are not exceeding 2 MW. Costa Rica offers net-metering and tax-based incentives for renewable energies such as tax relief, thus further encouraging the implementation and growth of the already strong renewable contribution to the energy mix. 7 Legislation on small hydropower The Constitution and Water Law are the legislative basis for everything related to private generation of electricity and water resource concessions. Barriers to small hydropower development Barriers to small hydropower in Costa Rica are common to barriers encountered by other renewable energy sources. Private developers of electricity generation projects must go through a number of administrative procedures in order to fulfil several documentation requirements of pre-feasibility and feasibility, in addition to obtaining resource use and building permits, and to conclude power purchase agreements, making ICE the only possible buyer. The institutional complexity involved in meeting the above-mentioned requirements creates great barriers to the private sector. impact study, which is the most complex of the currently existing requirements. Another problem relates to the establishment of rates for Feed-in Tariffs. At present the country lacks accurate methods to set the same, considering the various sources of energy. Costs, rules and tariffs were established in 2002, and stipulated specifically for hydropower plants. Therefore, any technology must adjust to this reality. Both private developers and the different government authorities seem to be aware of this situation, but have still not reached a consensus on how best to fix it. References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook. 2. Grupo Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (2009). Sistema Eléctrico Nacional, Costa Rica. Available from www.oc.org.do/download/Presentacion_Sector_Electr ico_Costa_Rica_2009.ppt. 3. Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos (2007). Informe de Labores 2007. Costa Rica. Available from www.aresep.go.cr/images/documentos/ARESEP%20Inf orme%20de%20Labores%2007.pdf. 4. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and Multilateral Investment Fund (2012). Climatescope 2012: Assessing the Climate for Climate Investing in Latin America and the Caribbean. New York. Available from www5.iadb.org/mif/Climatescope/2012/img/content/ pdfs/eng/Climatescope2012-report.pdf. 5. Costa Rica, Ministerio de Planificación Nacional y Política Económica (2010). Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2011-2014 “María Teresa Obregón Zamora”. San José. 6. Grupo Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (2009). Plan de Expansión de la Generación Eléctrica. Período 2010-2024. San José. Available from www.grupoice.com/wps/wcm/connect/3bd3a78047cd ebee904df9f079241ace/PEG2011rev1.pdf?MOD=AJPE RES. 7. Asamblea Legislativa de la Republica Costa Rica (n.d.). Ley general de electricidad. Expediente no. 17.812. Departmento de Comisiones. Available from www.cicr.com/docs/LGE/LGE-17812.pdf. All hydropower projects, small or large scale, are considered to have potentially high environmental impact and therefore require a full environmental 163
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
Page 127 and 128: 1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
Page 129 and 130: Trust funds for renewable energy te
Page 131 and 132: According to a 2010 analysis for in
Page 133 and 134: consumption, as well as cost deprec
Page 135 and 136: Sustainable energy through developi
Page 137 and 138: enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
Page 139 and 140: Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
Page 141 and 142: 1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
Page 143 and 144: 1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
Page 145 and 146: 1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
Page 147 and 148: 3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
Page 149 and 150: The only small hydropower station i
Page 151 and 152: 1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
Page 153 and 154: 2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
Page 155 and 156: potential for small hydropower prov
Page 157 and 158: 2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
Page 159 and 160: 2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
Page 161 and 162: 2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
Page 163 and 164: 2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
Page 165 and 166: Immediate key initiatives for the f
Page 167 and 168: kW but less than 15 MW are consider
Page 169 and 170: Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
Page 171 and 172: 2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
Page 173 and 174: Renewable energy policy In February
Page 175 and 176: Table 2 Classification of small hyd
Page 177: 2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
Page 181 and 182: 1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
Page 183 and 184: years of commercial operation). In
Page 185 and 186: operate renewable energy projects a
Page 187 and 188: Since then, several values close to
Page 189 and 190: addition to long period of contract
Page 191 and 192: institutions portray a robust syste
Page 193 and 194: exemption from distribution and tra
Page 195 and 196: een lowered in this region. One of
Page 197 and 198: The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
Page 199 and 200: y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
Page 201 and 202: provide not only labor, but local m
Page 203 and 204: 2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
Page 205 and 206: https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
Page 207 and 208: Electrification with Renewable Ener
Page 209 and 210: 2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
Page 211 and 212: grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
Page 213 and 214: The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
Page 215 and 216: 2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
Page 217 and 218: 2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
Page 219 and 220: In addition, Peru has a clean energ
Page 221 and 222: In accordance with the requirements
Page 223 and 224: Information on the total installed
Page 225 and 226: 2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
Page 227 and 228: Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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