WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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1.1.3 Kenya Patrick Thaddayos Balla, Global Village Energy Partnership International, Kenya Key facts Population 43,013,341 1 Area 580 367 km 2 Climate Varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior 1 Topography Low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west 1 Rain Pattern Two rainy seasons: March to May and October to early December. Electricity sector overview Electricity access in Kenya is estimated at 28.9 per cent. i Access in the Nairobi province is reported to be 53.47 per cent and in Central provinces 42.4 per cent. 2 These are the top two provinces in terms of electricity access. The provinces with lowest access to electricity are North Eastern province at 14 per cent and Western province at 14.7 per cent. 2 According to the National Information and Communication Technology Survey 2010, the grid is the main source of electricity with 25 per cent of households connected to it, while 15.3 per cent of the homes were connected to other types of electricity sources. Only 13 per cent of rural households are connected to the grid, compared to a 58-per cent of urban households that had their premises connected to the grid. A wide disparity was observed between urban and rural households not connected to any form of electricity. 3 Electricity generation in Kenya is liberalized with hydropower dominating the electricity mix (figure 1). The combined installed capacity was 1,533 MW as of December 2011, with an estimation of 76 per cent by main power generating company, six independent power producers (IPPs) account for the balance. 4 Wind 0.2% Imported electricity 0.4% Cogeneration (bagasse) 1.2% Geothermal 19.9% Fossil fuels 31.4% Hydropower 46.9% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Kenya Source: Kenya Ministry of Energy 4 Small hydropower sector overview and potential Small hydropower technology has been harnessed for over a century in Kenya, mainly for grinding food grains and in a few cases for electricity. Until recently, there have been a few small-scale hydropower schemes mainly owned by missionaries and tea plantations, but the developers did not link this sector to local technical capacity development. Several small hydropower schemes are in operation by private entrepreneurs and communities for local consumption. Interest in the development of small hydropower in Kenya has revived in the last 12 years, partly due to the inadequacies in the grid-based power supply, the technological push and increased awareness on the role of small hydropower in the country’s electricity mix. 5 A number of projects have been planned or constructed by communities and the private sector in this period. Since 2006, a new wave of small hydropower projects had been planned and commissioned, mostly by private tea companies (Unilever and James Finlay Tea) and Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA). Other private sector players and community NGOs are implementing a number of projects. With the introduction of the feed-in tariff (FIT) policy in 2008, small-scale candidate sites are likely to come up and serve well for the electricity supply of villages, small businesses or farms. Table 1 Small hydropower schemes in Kenya Scheme Ownership Location (River) Installed capacity (MW) Year Tana 1 & 2 KenGen Upper Tana 4.0000 1952 Tana 3 KenGen Upper Tana 2.4000 1952 Tana 4 KenGen Upper Tana 4.0000 1954 Tana 5 KenGen Upper Tana 2.4000 1955 Tana 6 KenGen Upper Tana 2.0000 1956 Ndula KenGen Thika River 2.0000 1924 Wanjii KenGen Maragua 7.4000 1955 Gogo KenGen Migori 2.0000 1952 Sagana KenGen Upper Tana 1.5000 1952 Mesco KenGen Maragua 0.3800 1919 Sosiani KenGen Sosiani 0.4000 1955 Tenwek Tenwek Bomet 0.3200 1987 Missionary Hospital Unilever Unilever Tea Kericho 2.2000 - Company James Finlay James Finlay Tea Company Kericho 2.4000 1934- 1999 Savani Eastern 0.0950 1927 Produce Imenti Tea KTDA Imenti river 0.9000 2009 Factory Diguna Missionary - 0.4000 1997 Tungu Community River Tungu 0.0140 2000 Kabiru Mujwa Missionary 0.0070 - Thima Community Mukengeria 0.0020 2001 Kathamba Community Kathamba 0.0012 2001 Source: Republic of Kenya 6 , Balla 5 24
Notes: Listed are only operational schemes. KenGen - Kenya Electricity Generating Company, KTDA – Kenya Tea Development Agency. Small hydropower schemes operating in Kenya comprise small (1-10 MW), micro (
Page 1: World Small Hydropower Development
Page 5 and 6: Published in 2013 by United Nations
Page 7 and 8: in the World Small Hydropower Devel
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
Page 11 and 12: JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
Page 13 and 14: 86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
Page 15 and 16: 301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
Page 17 and 18: Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
Page 19 and 20: electrification, building micro-hyd
Page 21 and 22: potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
Page 23 and 24: A range of barriers exist in Southe
Page 25 and 26: The Renewable Energy Directive has
Page 27 and 28: The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
Page 29 and 30: Introduction A world-first assessme
Page 31 and 32: Small hydropower definition Countri
Page 33 and 34: 12. United Nations Environment Prog
Page 35 and 36: small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
Page 37 and 38: 1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
Page 39: potential developers, since their p
Page 43 and 44: Financial institutions are not will
Page 45 and 46: Table 1 Installed small hydropower
Page 47 and 48: 10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
Page 49 and 50: the district of Mulanje. The Agency
Page 51 and 52: 1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
Page 53 and 54: 1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
Page 55 and 56: with local entrepreneurs to extend
Page 57 and 58: 1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
Page 59 and 60: 1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
Page 61 and 62: Different donor agencies have assis
Page 63 and 64: 1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
Page 65 and 66: 5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
Page 67 and 68: Table 1 Installed small hydropower
Page 69 and 70: newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
Page 71 and 72: 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
Page 73 and 74: Table 2 Potential small hydropower
Page 75 and 76: 1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
Page 77 and 78: the challenge remains as to whether
Page 79 and 80: Francis turbine. Project commission
Page 81 and 82: 1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
Page 83 and 84: 1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
Page 85 and 86: out according to social, economic a
Page 87 and 88: avaged by vandals for parts and cop
Page 89 and 90: 1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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