WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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Ukraine’s economically feasible hydro-energetic 4.1.10 Ukraine 3,907 MW and one on the Dnister River with 700 MW. 4 not being developed in Ukraine at the moment because Pascal Hauser, International Center on Small Hydro Power Key facts potential is 16,300 GWh, the big rivers’ potential now being almost fully developed. Around 64 small hydropower plants (capacity less than Population 44,854,065 1 10 MW) were operating in 2011, with a total capacity of Area 603,550 km 2 more than 104 MW, generating around 250 GWh/year (figure 2). 5 There are also about 100 small hydropower Climate Temperate continental; Mediterranean stations that are not operational but could be restored. 4 only on the southern Crimean coast; The potential of small rivers in Zakarpatska, Lvivska and precipitation disproportionately Chernivetska Oblasts is barely used, over 10 Ukrainian distributed, highest in west and north, as well as foreign companies have expressed the desire lesser in east and southeast; winters vary to build small hydropower plants in Ukraine. 5 6 Small from cool along the Black Sea to cold hydropower potential is estimated at 2,900 GWh/year. farther inland; summers are warm across Plans are there to develop small hydropower on Tissa the greater part of the country, hot in the south. 1 river in the Carpathian mountains. Topography Most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaus, mountains being SHP installed capacity 104 MW found only in the west (the Carpathians), SHP potential unknow n and in the Crimean Peninsula in the extreme south. 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Rain Rainfall is unevenly distributed, with Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Ukraine pattern more precipitation in the north and west Source: Interfax 5 due to the influence of the Carpathian Mountains. Regular snowfalls between Ukraine has a major hydropower resource in its nearly October and April. 63,000 small rivers; they totalled up to 28 per cent of the country’s total hydropower potential. Developing Electricity sector overview mini hydropower would encourage the decentralization In 2011, the total electricity production in Ukraine was of the country’s energy system and resolve the problem 193,899 GWh with a total installed capacity of 53,490 of providing power in hard-to-reach rural areas. For MW. Ukraine exported electricity to Russia, Belarus, instance, in western Ukraine, micro-, mini- and smallhydropower plants could become the main source of Moldova, Hungary, Slovakia and Romania, increasing its electricity exports to 6,430 GWh. 2 The bulk of electricity power supply. Main direction for further hydro generation is based on fossil fuel and nuclear power development will be the rehabilitation of existing hydro plants (figure 1). The Ministry of Fuel and Energy plants. manages the energy sector. UkrhydroEnergo is the main generating utility managing hydro plants. Renewable energy policy The Ukrainian Government has launched various Other (Municipal CHP and Block programmes to develop the use of renewable energies, 4.20% Stations) for example the Energy Strategy presented in 2006, has Hydro and Pump Storage 5.60% included an improvement of the security of energy supply and a reduction in energy consumption. 7 This Thermal and CHP 43.70% was <strong>updated</strong> in mid-2011 and again in 2012, where the role of nuclear power was emphasized with 5,000 MW Nuclear 46.50% to 7,000 MW of new nuclear proposed by 2030. 8 A law 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% on a green tariff was adopted in 2008. It applies to Figure 1 Electricity generation in Ukraine Source: Ministry of Energy and Coal Industry of Ukraine 3 electricity produced from renewable energy sources, including small hydropower but excluding blast furnace gas, coke oven gas. 4 Small hydropower sector overview and potential Ukraine has a total of over 4,700 MW hydropower capacity, the majority being large hydro stations, eight of them on the Dnipro River with a total capacity of Barriers to small hydropower development Small hydropower needs little capital input and provides both cheap and ecologically clean energy. However, it is the Government is not offering any support. 9 338
References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos. 2. Interfax Ukraine (2012). Ukraine ups electricity exports by 73% in seven months of 2012. Kyiv Post, 14 August. Available from www.kyivpost.com/content/business/ukraine-ups- electricity-exports-by-73-in-seven-months-of-2012- 311540.html. 3. Ukraine, Ministry of Energy and Coal Industry (2012). Background information on the main indicators of the fuel and energy complex of Ukraine for December and 2011 (translated title). Updated on 16 January 2012. Available from http://mpe.kmu.gov.ua/fuel/control/uk/publish/article? art_id=216629&cat_id=35081 Accessed November 2012. 4. Austrian Energy Agency (2009). Supply: Energy Sources. Austrian Energy Agency. Available from www.enercee.net/ukraine/energy-sources.html. 5. Interfax (2011). It took one year for a fully-fledged renewable energy sector to be formed in Ukraine. Available from www.interfax.com.ua/eng/pressrelease/79525/. 6. Mosaic investments (2009). Renewable energy in Ukraine: The Timing is Right. Available from www.mosaic.kiev.ua/ru/files/RenewEnergy_teaser_004f .pdf. 7. Web-portal of Ukraine Government (2006). Ukraine- EU: Energy Strategy. Ukraine's energy strategy presented in Brussels. Available from www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article?art_id=305 26441&cat_id=2291893. 8. World Nuclear Association (2012). Nuclear Power in Ukraine. Available from www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf46.html. Accessed December 2012. 9. International Centre for Policy Studies (2010). Energy Security Challenges in Ukraine – A snapshot 2010. International Centre for Policy Studies Policy Paper. Available from http://pasos.org/wpcontent/archive/Energy_Strat_Eng.pdf Accessed November 2012. 339
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
Page 303 and 304: 2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
Page 305 and 306: 3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
Page 307 and 308: Sustainable Development On the Run
Page 309 and 310: comparison with other energy source
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Page 313 and 314: 3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
Page 315 and 316: 3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
Page 317 and 318: 3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
Page 319 and 320: Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
Page 321 and 322: The Ministry of Water Resources is
Page 323 and 324: Table 1 Small hydropower potential
Page 325 and 326: 3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
Page 327 and 328: 13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
Page 329 and 330: Small hydropower potential in Turke
Page 331 and 332: 4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
Page 333 and 334: 2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
Page 335 and 336: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 337 and 338: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 339 and 340: parameters are taken into account.
Page 341 and 342: The development of hydropower plant
Page 343 and 344: 2. European Small Hydropower Associ
Page 345 and 346: Renewable energy policy According t
Page 347 and 348: 4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
Page 349 and 350: 4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
Page 351 and 352: 11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
Page 353: Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
Page 357 and 358: Regional overview and potential All
Page 359 and 360: 4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
Page 361 and 362: 4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
Page 363 and 364: 4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
Page 365 and 366: 4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 367 and 368: 4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 369 and 370: 5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
Page 371 and 372: 4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
Page 373 and 374: 4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
Page 375 and 376: 4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
Page 377 and 378: 4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
Page 379 and 380: Despite the issues which adversely
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Page 383 and 384: No. 9072 (last amended in November
Page 385 and 386: 7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
Page 387 and 388: Renewable energy policy Using renew
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Page 393 and 394: Legislation on small hydropower The
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Page 397 and 398: Licensing procedure suitable for sm
Page 399 and 400: Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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