WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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3.3.4 India Arun Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , India Key facts Population 1,205,073,612 1 Area 3,287,263 km 2 . 1 Climate Varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north 1 Topography Upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north (highest point: Kanchenjunga 8,598 m) 1 Rain pattern Average annual rainfall: 1,074 mm. Monsoon season: June to September 2 Electricity sector overview Electricity is a concurrent subject in India, meaning that the Central (Federal) Government and the State Governments have responsibility to promote this sector and authority to make necessary laws and regulations and to formulate and implement policies and programmes. Indian States function under the guidance of the Central Government. The total installed capacity of the country is 211,766 MW as on 31 January <strong>2013</strong>. The break-up of the total installed capacity from different energy sources is shown in figure 1 (renewables include small hydropower, biomass, urban and industrial waste-toenergy and wind energy). The power generation infrastructure is owned by the Indian Government as well as by the private sector. The state-wise details on installed small hydropower capacity in India are provided in table 2. As of end of 2012, the aggregated small hydropower capacity in India was 3,496 MW. In India the potential of small hydropower projects (less than 25 MW) is estimated at about 20,000 MW (these estimates are under upward revision). As of December 2012, 6,474 small scale sites with 19,749 MW aggregated small hydropower potential have been identified in the country, out of which 4,143 sites (of 15,151 MW capacity or 76.7 per cent of the total small hydropower potential) are located on small streams (run-of-river), 379 sites (of 1,645 MW capacity, 8.3 per cent of the total small hydropower potential) are located on the toe of existing irrigation dams, and 1,952 sites (of 2,953 MW capacity, 15 per cent of the total small hydropower potential) are located on existing canals, falls and barrages. Efforts are underway for potential assessment on facilities like, pipelines for drinking water and industrial use, effluent outfall at water treatment plants and sewage treatment plants, outlets of small dams and hydro kinetics in flowing channels/streams. In the deregulated environment small scale pumped storage plants are being contemplated in the future. 4 SHP installed capacity (up to 10 MW) SHP potential (up to 10 MW) 3198 MW 15000 MW Oil Nuclear Gas 1% 2% 9% SHP installed capacity (up to 25 MW) 3496 MW Renewables 12% Hydro Coal 19% 57% SHP potential (up to 25 MW) 20000 MW 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Figure 1 Electricity generation in India Source: Ministry of Power 3 Small hydropower sector overview and potential The classification of small hydropower in India can be seen in table 1 below. Table 1 Classification of small hydropower in India (Kilowatts) Type Station capacity Pico/watermill Up to 5 Micro Up to 100 Mini 101 - 2000 Small 2001 - 25000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in India The Indian Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) that is in charge of small scale hydro up to 25 MW, is contemplating a small hydropower assessment programme in its 12 th plan period (2012–2017). The target is that out of the total grid interactive power generation capacity that is being installed, two per cent should come from small hydropower. Today, the small hydropower programme is essentially driven by private investment. The focus of the programme is to lower the cost of equipment, to increase its reliability and 254
Table 2 Small hydropower in India Projects installed State Number Capacity (MW) Projects under implementation Number Capacity (MW) Andhra Pradesh 66 217.830 15 35.25 Arunachal Pradesh 143 101.510 65 30.97 Assam 5 31.110 4 15.00 Bihar 29 70.700 5 17.70 Chhattisgarh 8 27.250 5 140.00 Goa 1 0.050 - - Gujarat 5 15.600 - - Haryana 7 70.100 2 3.35 Himachal Pradesh 142 536.905 47 182.45 J&K 35 130.530 9 34.65 Jharkhand 6 4.050 8 34.85 Karnataka 132 915.395 41 322.03 Kerala 25 158.420 11 52.75 Madhya Pradesh 11 86.160 3 4.90 Maharashtra 47 295.525 20 80.60 Manipur 8 5.450 3 2.75 Meghalaya 4 31.030 3 1.70 Mizoram 18 36.470 1 0.50 Nagaland 10 28.670 4 4.20 Orissa 9 64.300 4 3.60 Punjab 46 154.500 12 21.15 Rajasthan 10 23.850 - - Sikkim 17 52.110 1 0.20 Tamil Nadu 21 123.050 - - Tripura 3 16.010 - - Uttar Pradesh 9 25.100 - - Uttarakhand 98 170.820 47 178.04 West Bengal 23 98.400 17 84.25 A&N Islands 1 5.250 - - Total 939 3 496.145 327 1 250.89 Note: Data as of December 2012. Figure 3 Small hydropower capacity addition in India 255
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
Page 219 and 220: In addition, Peru has a clean energ
Page 221 and 222: In accordance with the requirements
Page 223 and 224: Information on the total installed
Page 225 and 226: 2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
Page 227 and 228: Table 4 Small hydropower potential
Page 229 and 230: 2.4.2 United States of America Lara
Page 231 and 232: Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
Page 233 and 234: involving certain low-impact situat
Page 235 and 236: which hydropower plants under 30 MW
Page 237 and 238: share of total energy balance by 20
Page 239 and 240: 2. World Meteorological Organizatio
Page 241 and 242: SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
Page 243 and 244: 3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
Page 245 and 246: 3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
Page 247 and 248: Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
Page 249 and 250: In addition to the investment made
Page 251 and 252: 3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
Page 253 and 254: to release sediment from dams, it i
Page 255 and 256: infrastructure and of the transmiss
Page 257 and 258: 3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
Page 259 and 260: 3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
Page 261 and 262: 3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
Page 263 and 264: Livelihoods and Energy Department,
Page 265 and 266: 3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
Page 267 and 268: Hydropower projects, until recently
Page 269: Renewable energy policy The Renewab
Page 273 and 274: www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Page 277 and 278: 3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
Page 279 and 280: Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
Page 281 and 282: Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
Page 283 and 284: 3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
Page 285 and 286: presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
Page 287 and 288: Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
Page 289 and 290: 3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
Page 291 and 292: 3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
Page 293 and 294: 3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
Page 295 and 296: The International Finance Corporati
Page 297 and 298: 5. To enhance awareness on the role
Page 299 and 300: sustainability in policy is expecte
Page 301 and 302: ecent policy shift by the National
Page 303 and 304: 2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
Page 305 and 306: 3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
Page 307 and 308: Sustainable Development On the Run
Page 309 and 310: comparison with other energy source
Page 311 and 312: Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
Page 313 and 314: 3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
Page 315 and 316: 3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
Page 317 and 318: 3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
Page 319 and 320: Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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