WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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2.1.7 Jamaica Lara Esser, International Center on Small Hydro Power Key facts Population 2,889,187 1 Area 10,991 km 2 Climate Tropical; hot and humid. Temperate in the interior 1 Topography Mostly mountainous, with a narrow, discontinuous coastal plain (highest point Blue Mountain Peak: 2,256 m) 1 Rain pattern Mean annual precipitation: 1,895 mm. Two wet seasons: May to June and September to November (hurricane season) 2 Electricity sector overview Electricity generation in Jamaica is mainly based on heavy fuel oil and diesel generators (figure 1). The total installed capacity of the national electricity grid is 872 MW, which includes 24 MW (8 plants) of run-ofriver small hydropower capacity and 38.7 MW of wind capacity. 3 The key player to develop the energy sector is the Jamaica Public Service Company (JPS), a private vertically integrated utility. 4 Jamaica’s national electrification rate is estimated to be 92 per cent. Renewable (wind, hydro) Fossil 5% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Jamaica Source: World Watch from Office of Utilities Regulation 5 Small hydropower sector overview and potential Due to its hilly terrain and tropical climate Jamaica has various rivers suitable for the development of hydropower. The Water Resources Authority actively monitors about 100 rivers across the island, with the significant number of rivers being on the eastern side where the annual rainfall is the highest. The total small hydropower capacity of 24 MW (figure 2) is owned and operated by the national power company JPS and provides about 152 GWh per annum of base load electricity to the public grid. 6 Individual power capacities of the eight small hydropower plants in Jamaica range from 0.1 MW to 6.3 MW. There are two major rain periods in the year. The dry seasons in-between that affect the supply of hydropower. Most of the existing small hydropower plants are fairly old, with the newest ones being commissioned more than 15 years ago. 7 95% SHP installed capacity SHP potential 24 MW 63 MW 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Jamaica According to Loy and Covello, the total small hydropower potential for Jamaica has been estimated to be more than 63 MW. 7 Great River (8 MW), Back Rio Grande Valley (6 MW) and Laughlands Great (2 MW) small hydropower projects have an anticipated annual power generation of 82 GWh and a planned operating date of July 2014. Until now, the three projects have completed pre-feasibility studies with regard to technical, economic and environmental factors. Between 2006 and 2010, a total sum of US$100 million was invested in wind and small hydropower projects, significantly aiding the growth of Jamaica’s small hydropower sector. 4 Renewable energy policy The Ministry of Science, Technology, Energy and Mining in its National Energy Policy (NEP) 2009-2030 has identified fuel diversification and the development of the country’s renewable energy sources as two of its main objectives. The request for renewable electrical energy and/or capacity from renewable sources is in line with the Government’s vision of having 12.5 per cent electrical energy from renewable energy sources by 2015 according to NEP 2009-2030 and the draft National Renewable Energy Policy 2010- 2030. 8 The Government proposes in its Energy Policy a number of incentives to make investment in gridconnected electricity generation from renewable sources economically attractive. The Government has set a target that 15 per cent of the total generating capacity for the grid will be provided from renewable energy resources by the end of 2015. In addition, a premium of up to 15 per cent above the utility’s avoided costs will be allowed for purchases of electricity generated from renewable sources. 9 Renewable Premium: In order to encourage the development of renewable energy technologies, the Government has determined that renewable plants will be allowed to sell electricity to JPS at a maximum of 15 per cent above the avoided cost of energy. 9 Legislation on small hydropower Hydropower is considered both a conventional as well as a renewable technology. The upper limit at which capacity of conventional technology may be added to the grid without going through the competitive tendering process is 15 MW. Plants greater than 100 150
kW but less than 15 MW are considered medium additions; plants of 100 kW and less are small additions. Small additions of 100 kW and less will be made to the system by way of a Standard Offer Contract issued by JPS. 9 This has been reconfirmed under Condition 18 of the Amended and Restated All Island Electric Licence 2011. 10 Electricity Supply System. Ele 2005/08.1. June. 10. Jamaica Public Service Company Limited Standard Offer Contract for the Purchase of As-Available Intermittent Energy from Renewable Facilities up to 100 kW Determination Notice Document No. ELE2011006_DET004_REV001 Office of Utilities Regulation May 01, 2012. Barriers to small hydropower development Currently the main hurdle to the development of new small hydropower projects in Jamaica is the need for easier access to information on potential sites, and a corresponding institutional framework and regulatory platform that facilitate and attract private investment. One of the objectives of the ESEE Project is to strengthen the regulatory framework, to improve the institutional capacity and to streamline access to information by private investors interested in small hydropower. References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook. 2. Jamaica Meteorological Service (2011). Meteorological data of Jamaica. Available from www.metservice.gov.jm/. Accessed December 2012. 3. Organización Latinoamericana de Energía (2012). 2012 Energy Statistics <strong>Report</strong>. Quito. 4. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and Multilateral Investment Fund (2012). Climatescope 2012: Assessing the Climate for Climate Investing in Latin America and the Caribbean. New York. Available from www5.iadb.org/mif/Climatescope/2012/img/content/ pdfs/eng/Climatescope2012-report.pdf. 5. World Watch from Office of Utilities Regulation (2012). Jamaica’s Electricity Mix in 2030: The Role of Renewables and Natural Gas, 13 December. Available from http://blogs.worldwatch.org/revolt/jamaicaselectricity-mix-in-2030-the-role-of-renewables-andnatural-gas/. 6. Jamaica Public Service Company Limited (2011). Annual report 2011. Kingston. Available from www.myjpsco.com/about-us/financials/2011-annualreport/. 7. Coviello Manlio F. and Detlef Loy (2005). Renewable energies potential in Jamaica. Prepared in collaboration with the Ministry of Commerce, Science and Technology of Jamaica. Project documents. Santiago de Chile: United Nations Printing Office. Available from www.eclac.org/publicaciones/xml/3/24583/jamaica.pdf 8. Jamaica, Ministry of Energy and Mines (2010). National Renewable Energy Policy 2009-2030. Creating a Sustainable Future. National Renewable Energy Policy. Draft <strong>version</strong>. Kingston. 9. Office of Utilities Regulation (2006). Regulatory Policy for the Electricity Sector - Guidelines for the Addition of Generating Capacity to the Public 151
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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Page 119 and 120: 1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
Page 121 and 122: hydropower in South Africa and the
Page 123 and 124: Integrated resource plan for electr
Page 125 and 126: Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
Page 127 and 128: 1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
Page 129 and 130: Trust funds for renewable energy te
Page 131 and 132: According to a 2010 analysis for in
Page 133 and 134: consumption, as well as cost deprec
Page 135 and 136: Sustainable energy through developi
Page 137 and 138: enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
Page 139 and 140: Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
Page 141 and 142: 1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
Page 143 and 144: 1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
Page 145 and 146: 1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
Page 147 and 148: 3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
Page 149 and 150: The only small hydropower station i
Page 151 and 152: 1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
Page 153 and 154: 2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
Page 155 and 156: potential for small hydropower prov
Page 157 and 158: 2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
Page 159 and 160: 2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
Page 161 and 162: 2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
Page 163 and 164: 2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
Page 165: Immediate key initiatives for the f
Page 169 and 170: Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
Page 171 and 172: 2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
Page 173 and 174: Renewable energy policy In February
Page 175 and 176: Table 2 Classification of small hyd
Page 177 and 178: 2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
Page 179 and 180: sector and rural communities will b
Page 181 and 182: 1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
Page 183 and 184: years of commercial operation). In
Page 185 and 186: operate renewable energy projects a
Page 187 and 188: Since then, several values close to
Page 189 and 190: addition to long period of contract
Page 191 and 192: institutions portray a robust syste
Page 193 and 194: exemption from distribution and tra
Page 195 and 196: een lowered in this region. One of
Page 197 and 198: The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
Page 199 and 200: y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
Page 201 and 202: provide not only labor, but local m
Page 203 and 204: 2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
Page 205 and 206: https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
Page 207 and 208: Electrification with Renewable Ener
Page 209 and 210: 2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
Page 211 and 212: grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
Page 213 and 214: The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
Page 215 and 216: 2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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