WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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national/2011/03/27/brunei-tap-sarawakshydropower. Accessed December 2012. 14. Energy Market Authority (2012). Clean and Renewable Energy. Available from www.ema.gov.sg/page/31/id:64/. 272
3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, International Center on Small Hydro Power Key facts Population 14,952,665 1 Area 181,035 km 2 Climate Tropical and rainy, with little seasonal temperature variation Topography Mostly low, flat plains; there are mountains in the southwest and north. Rain pattern The monsoon season is from May to November, the dry season is from December to April. Electricity sector overview According to the Cambodian Ministry of Energy and Mines, the country has an installed capacity of 537 MW. However, it remains heavily dependent on imported electricity from Vietnam and Thailand as well as on fossil fuel imports for electricity generation (figure 1). Électricité du Cambodge is a fully stateowned limited liability company. Coal Hydropower Electricity imported Diesel/ Heavy Fuel Oil 2% 3% 42% 53% Small hydropower sector overview and potential See table 1 for the classification of small hydropower in Cambodia. Table 1 Classification of small hydropower in Cambodia (Megawatt) Definition Installed capacity Small not applicable Mini >0.5–10 Micro ≤ 0.5 Sources: Association of Southeast Asian Nations 3 , Cambodia Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy 4 The present installed capacity of mini and pico hydropower is 1.87 MW. There is one mini hydropower plant with a 1-MW installed capacity and two micro hydropower plants with a combined capacity of 370 kW under the responsibility of Provincial Electricity Unit of Électricité Du Cambodge. There are also privately-owned micro- and picohydropower plants imported from Viet Nam or China located in the Northern provinces with an installed capacity ranging between 1 kW to 30 kW. 4 The theoretical potential of mini-, micro- and picohydropower has been assessed at around 300 MW (figure 2), and 30 possible small hydropower sites have been identified (table 2). 4 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Cambodia Source: Ministry of Industry and Mines and Energy 2 SHP installed capacity SHP potential 1.9 MW 300 MW The national electrification rate in 2010 was 29 per cent. 2 Urban areas are 100 per cent electrified, as compared to only 12.3 per cent in the rural areas. 2 Approximately 11.3 million people had no access to electricity in 2009. Four per cent of the population is served by off-grid sources, including mini grids or household systems. The Royal Government of Cambodia has formulated a Rural Electrification Strategy with the target to provide 70 per cent of rural households with electricity by 2030. Electricity shortage facing the remaining rural households (30 per cent) is expected to be solved by a Renewable Energy Development Program which will provide quality renewable energy services in remote regions mostly via solar applications (solar lanterns, solar home systems -SHS). The main components of the Rural Electrification Strategy are as follows: expansion of the existing grids, up-scaling of power generation (hydro, oil, coal) and cross border power supply from neighboring countries (Thailand, Vietnam and Lao People’s Democratic Republic), creation of mini grids (diesel, biomass especially gasification, micro hydropower and battery lighting with solar and wind). 3 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Cambodia The Government’s small hydropower promotion involves: An aim to scale up electricity access in rural areas in order to tackle poverty and foster economic development. Private sector participation and encouragement. Identifying technical assistance and financial support. Making electricity affordable in rural areas. Reduction or exception on import tax. Renewable energy policy The country targets to achieve 15 per cent of electricity generation from renewable sources by 2015. 3 The Cambodian Government has set in its Renewable Electricity Action Plan (REAP, 2002-2012) the objective of providing cost-effective and reliable electricity to rural Cambodia through the use of renewable energy technologies. 4 273
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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Page 239 and 240: 2. World Meteorological Organizatio
Page 241 and 242: SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
Page 243 and 244: 3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
Page 245 and 246: 3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
Page 247 and 248: Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
Page 249 and 250: In addition to the investment made
Page 251 and 252: 3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
Page 253 and 254: to release sediment from dams, it i
Page 255 and 256: infrastructure and of the transmiss
Page 257 and 258: 3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
Page 259 and 260: 3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
Page 261 and 262: 3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
Page 263 and 264: Livelihoods and Energy Department,
Page 265 and 266: 3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
Page 267 and 268: Hydropower projects, until recently
Page 269 and 270: Renewable energy policy The Renewab
Page 271 and 272: Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
Page 273 and 274: www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Page 277 and 278: 3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
Page 279 and 280: Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
Page 281 and 282: Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
Page 283 and 284: 3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
Page 285 and 286: presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
Page 287: Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
Page 291 and 292: 3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
Page 293 and 294: 3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
Page 295 and 296: The International Finance Corporati
Page 297 and 298: 5. To enhance awareness on the role
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Page 301 and 302: ecent policy shift by the National
Page 303 and 304: 2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
Page 305 and 306: 3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
Page 307 and 308: Sustainable Development On the Run
Page 309 and 310: comparison with other energy source
Page 311 and 312: Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
Page 313 and 314: 3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
Page 315 and 316: 3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
Page 317 and 318: 3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
Page 319 and 320: Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
Page 321 and 322: The Ministry of Water Resources is
Page 323 and 324: Table 1 Small hydropower potential
Page 325 and 326: 3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
Page 327 and 328: 13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
Page 329 and 330: Small hydropower potential in Turke
Page 331 and 332: 4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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Page 335 and 336: Barriers to small hydropower develo
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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