WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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The 4 MW Merino Power Station is close to the town of Clarens. The project consists of a di<strong>version</strong> weir with a semi-circular spillway in the Ash River, a 700-metre long canal to transfer the water to the power station, a small fore-bay and a power station situated in a sandstone bank from where the water is returned to the Ash River. The generating head is approximately 14 metre and a single Kaplan turbine and a generator are installed in the power station. 11 The Bakenkop small hydropower plant was commissioned in 1950 to supply the town of Piet Retief with electricity before it was connected to the national grid. After 60 years of operation, it is still providing power to the town. The installed capacity is 800 kW. The system operates intermittently depending on water availability. At present it provides electricity at an average cost which is half that of the rate the town pays to Eskom for its power. 14 The future for small hydropower in South Africa will see two main parallel tracks: grid-connected projects that will feed into the national grid and small scale systems for private use (not feeding into the grid, irrespective of whether a grid connection is available or not). These tracks can be supplemented by a third category of isolated systems for rural electrification purposes. The grid-tied systems future is closely linked to the national government’s policy on renewable energy development. The utilization of small scale systems for private use is expected to grow based on the foreseen rise in electricity prices, coupled with the reduced reliability of the grid. Off-grid electrification by means of small hydropower could fall under the ‘Working for Energy’ programme, as it is currently under development by the South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI). It could also be supported by the renewed focus of the Department of Energy in the off-grid electrification processes. Renewable energy policy In 2010, the Department of Energy presented the Integrated Resource Plan (IRP), outlining the electricity generation mixes for the period up to 2030. 3 According to the policy, the adjusted development plan will see 17.8 GW of renewable energy as part of the energy mix in 2030. The main source of hydropower in the IRP will come from imported electricity (approximately 5.2 GW by 2030), while local, small hydropower shares an allocation of 125 MW alongside landfill gas electricity. 15 In March 2009 the energy regulator National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA) announced the Renewable Energy Feed-In Tariffs (REFIT) for a selected number of renewable energy technologies. Small hydropower (between 1-10 MW) qualified for a 106 REFIT of ZAR 0.94/kWh (approximately € 0.074 or US$0.096). 16 However the unclear legal status of REFIT and the would-be buyers of that electricity prevented power-purchase agreements (PPAs) from being signed for this tariff. The REFIT review in 2011 did see adjustments in the REFIT-based on inflation, capital costs and other assumptions. The REFIT for small hydropower was revised downwards by over 28 per cent, to ZAR 0.671/kWh (about €0.065 or US$0.089). 17 Concurrent to the REFIT review, the South African Government announced its intention to start a competitive bidding process for electricity from renewable sources. The Request for Proposals was issued in August 2011. As the bids would be evaluated in a two-stage procurement evaluation process that includes qualifying criteria based on economic development requirements, as well as price, the REFIT process was consequently side-tracked. 15 In the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPP) a total of 3,725 MW is to be procured by the Government, with an allocation of 75 MW for small hydropower (up to 10 MW). 18 The bidding process will see a number of bidding rounds, of which the first has been concluded with allocation of 1,415 MW to 28 bidders, none of which involves hydropower. 19 The second round of REIPPP provided two hydro developers with preferred bidder status: the Neusberg plant of Kakamas Hydro Electric Power and the Stortemelk plant of NuPlanet (4.47 MW). Although the Neusberg site has a potential of 12.57 MW, only 10 MW will be developed in order for it to qualify under the REIPPP. Barriers to small hydropower development The main barrier for development of hydropower in South Africa has long been the unclear policy framework from both electricity as well as a water use perspective. With REIPPP, the policy framework is much clearer, although effectively limiting options as development of grid feeding hydro schemes outside the REIPPP has become virtually impossible. Note i. This 700 MW refers to traditional hydro schemes only and excludes imported hydropower from Mozambique and pumped storage. References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook 2. Palmer, T. and Ainslie, A. (2006). Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles: South Africa. Food and Agriculture Organisation. Rome. Available from www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/PDF%20fil es/SouthAfrica_English.pdf. 3. South Africa, Department of Energy (2010).
Integrated resource plan for electricity 2010-2030, revision 2, final report. No. IRP2010 . Pretoria. 4. Barta, B. (2011). Renewable energy: Hydropower. In The sustainable energy resource handbook, E. Kiderlen, B. Bredenkamp and L. Smith, eds. South Africa Volume 2. The Essential Guide. pp. 139-151. Cape Town: Alive2green. 5. South Africa, Department of Energy (2012). Personal communication to author. 6. Molewa, Edna, Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs (2012). Statement by the Department of Public Enterprise Climate Change Policy Framework for state-owned companies. 5 July 2011. Available from www.info.gov.za/speech/DynamicAction?pageid=461 &sid=28797&tid=74878. Accessed December 2012. 7. Barta, B. (2002). Capacity building in energy efficiency and renewable energy: baseline study - hydropower in South Africa. Pretoria. 8. Eskom (2003). Sabie river power station. Available from http://www.eskom.co.za/live/index.php. Accessed December <strong>2013</strong>. 9. Muller, J. (1999). South African renewable energy resource database. Chapter 2: Modelling hydropower potential. No. ENV/P/C/98161). Pretoria: CSIR. 10. Kotze, P. (2011). The potential of small hydropower plants in South Africa. Water Wheel, Volume 10, pp. 18-19, 20. 11. Boltt, D. (2011). Successes of grid connected micro/mini hydro plants in the Eastern Cape: Case study. Hydropower Africa 2011. Sandton, Johannesburg. 12. Jonker Klunne, W. (2012). African hydropower database: Hydro stations in South Africa. Available from http://hydro4africa.net/HP_database/country.php?co untry=South Africa. Accessed December 2012. 13. Szewczuk, S., Fellows, A., and van der Linden, N. (2000). Renewable energy for rural electrification in South Africa. European Commission, FP5 Joule- Thermie Programme. 14. Netelek (2002). Low-cost scada system facilitates maximum network optimisation. Available from www.instrumentation.co.za/article.aspx?pklarticleid= 1853. Accessed December 2012. 15. Klunne, W. (2011). Energy as an option for rural electrification. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Available from www.millasa.co.za/Speaker%20Presentations/RDC_20 11/RDC_2011%20Wim%20Jonker%20Klunne.pdf. Accessed December 2012. 16. Creamer, T. (2011). Nersa set to concur with DoE on renewables bid process, but raises questions. Engineering New. Department of Energy, South Africa. 17. National Energy Regulator South Africa (2009). National Energy Regulator South Africa decision on renewable energy feed-in tariff (REFIT). Pretoria: National Energy Regulator South Africa. 18. National Energy Regulator South Africa (2011). 107 National Energy Regulator South Africa consultation paper: review of renewable energy feed-in tariffs. Pretoria: National Energy Regulator South Africa. 19. South Africa, Department of Energy (2011). Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme website. Available from www.ipp-renewables.co.za/index.php/about. Accessed December 2012.
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
Page 71 and 72: 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
Page 73 and 74: Table 2 Potential small hydropower
Page 75 and 76: 1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
Page 77 and 78: the challenge remains as to whether
Page 79 and 80: Francis turbine. Project commission
Page 81 and 82: 1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
Page 83 and 84: 1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
Page 85 and 86: out according to social, economic a
Page 87 and 88: avaged by vandals for parts and cop
Page 89 and 90: 1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
Page 91 and 92: 1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
Page 93 and 94: 1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
Page 95 and 96: 1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
Page 97 and 98: 1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
Page 99 and 100: 1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
Page 101 and 102: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 103 and 104: SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
Page 105 and 106: 16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
Page 107 and 108: construction and the project will b
Page 109 and 110: Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
Page 111 and 112: 1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
Page 113 and 114: 1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
Page 115 and 116: and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
Page 117 and 118: oth present and future”. Should t
Page 119 and 120: 1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
Page 121: hydropower in South Africa and the
Page 125 and 126: Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
Page 127 and 128: 1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
Page 129 and 130: Trust funds for renewable energy te
Page 131 and 132: According to a 2010 analysis for in
Page 133 and 134: consumption, as well as cost deprec
Page 135 and 136: Sustainable energy through developi
Page 137 and 138: enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
Page 139 and 140: Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
Page 141 and 142: 1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
Page 143 and 144: 1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
Page 145 and 146: 1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
Page 147 and 148: 3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
Page 149 and 150: The only small hydropower station i
Page 151 and 152: 1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
Page 153 and 154: 2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
Page 155 and 156: potential for small hydropower prov
Page 157 and 158: 2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
Page 159 and 160: 2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
Page 161 and 162: 2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
Page 163 and 164: 2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
Page 165 and 166: Immediate key initiatives for the f
Page 167 and 168: kW but less than 15 MW are consider
Page 169 and 170: Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
Page 171 and 172: 2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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