WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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3. Bell J.D., Johnson J.E., Ganachaud A.S., Gehrke P.C., Hobday A.J., Hoegh-Guldberg O., Le Borgne R., Lehodey P., Lough J.M., Pickering T., Pratchett M.S. and Waycott M. (2011). Vulnerability of Tropical Pacific Fisheries and Aquaculture to Climate Change: Summary for Pacific Island Countries and Territories. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia. 4. Institute d’Emission d’Outre Mer (2010). Polynésie Française:Annuel Rapport 2010. Available from www.ieom.fr/ieom/. 5. Outre Mer (2011). ‘Les outré mer a la foire de Hanovre’. Available from www.outremer.gouv.fr/?les-outre-mer-a-la-foire-dehanovre.html Accessed December 2011. 6. International Journal on Hydropower and Dams (2011). World Atlas and Industry Guide 2011. Surrey, UK: Aquamedia International. 432
5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Power Corporation, Samoa Key facts Population 194,320 1 Area 2,900 km 2 Climate Tropical 1 Topography Two main islands (Savaii, Upolu) and several smaller islands and uninhabited islets; narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky, rugged mountains in interior 1 Rain Two distinct seasons: a wet season Pattern from November to April and a dry season from May to October. On average, 75 per cent of Samoa’s total annual rainfall occurs in the wet season. Northern and western shores receive about 2,500 mm and inland areas about 7,500 mm a year 2 Electricity sector overview Samoa has one of the highest electrification rates in the Pacific region; with the last census in 2006 showing approximately 98 per cent of the population with access to electricity. The households with no access to electricity are mostly scattered on both the main islands and in remote rural areas. The Samoan Electric Power Corporation (EPC) is a state-owned power utility company which is mandated to generate, distribute and sell electricity in Samoa. A recent amendment to the electricity legislation has now opened up the market for independent power producers to generate and sell electricity to the network, which is currently being handled by EPC. The amendments also include the appointment of a regulator for the electricity sector. Solar Coconut oil Hydro Diesel 0.01% 0.05% 28.00% 71.94% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Samoa Source: Samoa’s Ministry of Finance 3 Note: Data from 2010. Electricity supply for the main island Upolu is provided by a central thermal (diesel) power station and five small hydropower stations. The other main island, Savaii, is fully powered by a diesel station. One of the smaller islands Apolima has a centralized solar PV mini grid system (figure 1). EPC is in the process of building a 20-MW diesel power station on Upolu to provide additional generation capacity for the country. The National Energy Coordinating Committee, a ministerial level committee which oversees the energy sector, has received renewable energy project proposals from overseas investors to generate electricity in Samoa from renewable sources. This has led to two power purchase agreements with EPC by independent companies, for renewable energy projects (solar and biomass). 3 Small hydropower sector overview and potential There are five hydropower plants on the island of Upolu providing about 40 per cent of Samoa’s total electricity production. Afulilo Dam is the only reservoir-type plant, while the rest are all run-of-river plants (table). Small hydropower plants in Samoa Plant Type De-rated capacity (MW) Afulilo dam Reservoir/dam 4.0 Lalomauga Run of river 3.5 Fale o le fee Run of river 1.6 Alaoa Run of river 1.0 Samasoni Run of river 1.8 Various studies have been carried out over the last 30 years to look at other potential hydropower sites (figure 2). SHP installed capacity SHP potential 11.9 MW 22 MW 0 5 10 15 20 25 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Samoa In the last few years, the EPC, with the assistance from various donors, including the Asian Development Bank and the PIGGAREP i project, has embarked on a comprehensive Hydro Data Collection Program, which involves the installation of monitoring equipment at potential hydropower sites to collect relevant hydrological data. Feasibility studies have also been carried out as part of EPC’s Power Sector Expansion Project, which is jointly funded by the Asian Development Bank, Japan Bank for International Cooperation and AusAID (Australian AID). The EPC is looking at developing five small run-of-river hydropower sites in the next few years based on the results of these feasibility studies. Renewable energy policy The Samoa National Energy Policy (SNEP) outlines the government of Samoa’s target in promoting renewable energy. The SNEP looks at ‘increasing the 433
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Page 399 and 400: Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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Page 403 and 404: growing difficulty to obtain the ne
Page 405 and 406: Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
Page 407 and 408: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 409 and 410: The Stream Map Project recommends t
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Page 413 and 414: 4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
Page 415 and 416: 4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
Page 417 and 418: 4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
Page 419 and 420: 4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
Page 421 and 422: Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
Page 423 and 424: For New Zealand, the remaining pote
Page 425 and 426: Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
Page 427 and 428: 5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
Page 429 and 430: 5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
Page 431 and 432: The Government of Fiji developed a
Page 433 and 434: Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
Page 435 and 436: 5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
Page 437 and 438: 5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
Page 439 and 440: 5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
Page 441 and 442: organizations and foreign governmen
Page 443 and 444: Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
Page 445 and 446: In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
Page 447: Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
Page 451 and 452: List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
Page 453 and 454: South America 178 1 Overview of cou
Page 455 and 456: Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
Page 457 and 458: 67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
Page 459 and 460: 155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
Page 461 and 462: 254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
Page 463 and 464: 347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
Page 465 and 466: 431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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