WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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The ASEAN Hydropower Competence Centre (HYCOM) in Bandung facilitates ASEAN-wide knowledge exchanges on mini and micro hydropower (1 kW to 1 MW). The objective of HYCOM is to provide an ASEAN-wide competence centre, offering training as well as facilitating research and development to the small hydropower sector. It has implementing partners (i.e. PT Entec Indonesia and Technical Education Development Centre, Bandung) and supporting partners i.e. the Swiss Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Promotion in International Cooperation, the Renewable Energy Support Program for ASEAN, the ASEAN Centre for Energy and Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). 7 It is involved in training activities on standards, laboratory testing of micro hydropower equipment with regard to reliability, safety and efficiency, support for the development of mini hydropower sites and networking and exchange of micro hydropower related information. 7 Renewable energy policy The renewable energy target of the country is 25 per cent. The Government pays attention to its development and has passed laws and regulations to prioritize and promote it. These include the National Energy Policy 30/2007, the Electricity Law 30/2009 and the ministerial decrees on Distributed Power Generation and Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation. 5 Legislation on small hydropower The electricity generated using renewable energy, especially small hydropower, is to be bought by the state-electricity company at an agreed fix price. 2 Barriers to small hydropower development Structural and policy-related barriers: lack of standardization of procedures and technical codes, non-standardized procedures to obtain power purchase agreements, lack of technical support to interconnect small hydropower to the grid. No consistent and transparent governmental policy supporting renewable energy development in place. Absence of subsidies or any other financial incentives supporting renewable energy development. Barriers related to technical and institutional capacities: insufficient stakeholder involvement during project selection, planning, and implementation. Lack or poor quality of preinvestment financial evaluations. Technical problems resulting from poor design and construction quality (civil, mechanical, and electrical) are also common. Local equipment design and manufacturing capability is limited, and is mostly concentrated on Java. Imported small hydropower equipment is expensive and spare parts are often difficult to obtain. There are no mechanisms in place (i.e. product liability, quality assurance, technical control institution) that warrant the quality of small hydropower equipment. Plant operation and maintenance is often haphazard, with little preventative action. Financing mechanisms are either unavailable or difficult to locate. Barriers related to awareness and dissemination of information: many institutions and decision makers are not aware of the possibilities for small hydropower development. As a result, conventional energy options are preferred. Basic data (maps, surveys, hydrology, and geology) needed for project evaluation is often missing or difficult to obtain, especially for more remote regions. A frequently <strong>updated</strong> and easily accessible inventory with potential small-scale hydropower sites was inexistent in 2012. Potential project developers therefore often have to take a lengthy way through many institutions to identify investment opportunities. At the same time, attractive sites may remain undeveloped, because they are unknown. References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/. 2. Suryo Busono, Indonesia Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (2012). Survey by International Center on Small Hydro Power answered in March. 3. Differ Group (2012). The Indonesian electricity system: A brief overview. 6 February 2012. Available from www.differgroup.com/Portals/53/images/Indonesia_ overall_FINAL.pdf. 4. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (2009). Energy-policy Framework Conditions for Electricity Markets and Renewable GTZ www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/gtz2009-en-ternaindonesia.pdf. Accessed December 2012. 5. Muksin and Syufrizal (2007). The potential of energy and hydropower development in Indonesia. Training Workshop on Small Hydropower Technologies. Hangzhou. 2 November to 11 December. 6. Gesellschaft fuer International Zusammenarbeit (2011). Energy Newsletter, Issue no. 17, March. Available from www.endev-indonesia.or.id. 7. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (n.d.). Hydro Competence Centre. Available from www.hycom.info. 276
3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Republic Lydie Mateo, Gregoire Pelletreau and Aurelie Phimmasone, Laos Institute for Renewable Energy, Lao People’s Democratic Republic Key facts Population 6,586,266 1 Area 236,800 km 2 Climate Tropical monsoon 1 Topography Mountainous landscape Rain pattern Rainy season: May to November. Dry season: December to April 1 Electricity sector overview The responsibility for the energy sector is divided among various organizations with the Ministry of Energy and Mines or MEM (formerly the Ministry of Industries and Handicrafts or MIH), being the most prominent as it manages the electricity sector through the Department of Electricity (responsible for power sector development) and Electricité du Laos (EDL), which is a state owned enterprise responsible for electricity supply to the domestic sector. Under the Electricity Law (Article 43), MEM has the primary responsibility for policy formulation and strategic planning, jointly undertaken with the Science, Technology and Environment Agency, the Committee of Investment Management and Foreign Economic Cooperation and other relevant agencies. 2 During the period 1995-2010, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (hereafter Lao PDR) made impressive achievements in national electrification whereby electricity access has more than quadrupled. Indeed, the ratio of household electricity use had rapidly increased from 15 per cent in 1995 to 73 per cent in 2010, surpassing expectations and the 70 per cent target. The majority of villages have access to electricity, both on-grid and off-grid. These are outstanding results for a country with a predominantly rural population. Thus the country is on track to achieve its target of 80 per cent national electrification coverage by 2015 and 90 per cent by 2020. 3 This is in contrast with the data reported in World Energy Outlook 2011, where it states that the country’s electrification rate was at 55 per cent for 2009, which was probably due to a difference in definition of electrification. 4 In order to reach its 2020 target, the Government pursues an aggressive grid extension programme complemented by off-grid electrification whenever it is cost-effective. In parallel, the Laotian Government, with the support of the World Bank through the expansion of the Power to the Poor Program from EDL is also willing to increase the nationwide connection ratio in areas already covered by the grid, from 80 per cent to 95 per cent of the households. 5 In addition, the Rural Electrification Fund (REF) Secretariat under the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) is working with the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) to promote rural entrepreneurship using an innovative pro-poor public-private site-specific partnership (5Ps). Besides developing local entrepreneurship, 5Ps aim to integrate energy in to broader rural development agenda and reduce stress on the government budget. At this stage of national electrification, where most of the unconnected population lives in villages and scattered communities in hard-to-reach places, it is expected that as much as 20 per cent of the total population will remain beyond the reach of the mainstream grid for the foreseeable future, especially when the cost of extension has increased. 5 Indeed, over the course of the last seven years, the average cost per grid connection has almost doubled: from about US$450-$550 in 2005 to about US$900 in 2012. 3 The majority of the rural population, with no access to electricity at present, depends primarily on biomass (fuel wood and charcoal) for domestic energy needs such as cooking and heating. 6 Hydropower contributes almost all electricity production in Lao PDR (figure 1). The Government has signed memoranda of understanding (MOU) as well as undertaken research studies on more than 70 hydropower studies. Of these, 15 are either operational or under construction. Lao PDR has also signed a MOU to provide 7,000 MW of electricity to Thailand, and another MOU to provide 3,000 MW of electricity to Viet Nam by 2020. Electricité du Laos had a share of 50.7 per cent of the total installed electricity capacity, the private sector contributes 49.1 per cent and the Provincial Departments of Energy and Mines at 0.16 per cent. 7 Solar Diesel Hydropower 0.05% 0.18% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 99.76% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Lao People’s Democratic Republic Source: Laos Ministry of Energy and Mines. 7 Note: Data from 2008. Small hydropower sector overview and potential A total of 10.5 MW small hydropower is in operation, not including pico hydro (figure 2). Some 16.2 MW are under construction and 23.5 MW capacity are at the feasibility stage. 277
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
Page 241 and 242: SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
Page 243 and 244: 3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
Page 245 and 246: 3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
Page 247 and 248: Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
Page 249 and 250: In addition to the investment made
Page 251 and 252: 3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
Page 253 and 254: to release sediment from dams, it i
Page 255 and 256: infrastructure and of the transmiss
Page 257 and 258: 3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
Page 259 and 260: 3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
Page 261 and 262: 3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
Page 263 and 264: Livelihoods and Energy Department,
Page 265 and 266: 3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
Page 267 and 268: Hydropower projects, until recently
Page 269 and 270: Renewable energy policy The Renewab
Page 271 and 272: Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
Page 273 and 274: www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Page 277 and 278: 3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
Page 279 and 280: Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
Page 281 and 282: Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
Page 283 and 284: 3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
Page 285 and 286: presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
Page 287 and 288: Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
Page 289 and 290: 3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
Page 291: 3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
Page 295 and 296: The International Finance Corporati
Page 297 and 298: 5. To enhance awareness on the role
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Page 301 and 302: ecent policy shift by the National
Page 303 and 304: 2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
Page 305 and 306: 3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
Page 307 and 308: Sustainable Development On the Run
Page 309 and 310: comparison with other energy source
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Page 313 and 314: 3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
Page 315 and 316: 3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
Page 317 and 318: 3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
Page 319 and 320: Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
Page 321 and 322: The Ministry of Water Resources is
Page 323 and 324: Table 1 Small hydropower potential
Page 325 and 326: 3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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Page 329 and 330: Small hydropower potential in Turke
Page 331 and 332: 4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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Page 335 and 336: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 337 and 338: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 339 and 340: parameters are taken into account.
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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