WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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4.3.1 Albania Pascal Hauser and Lara Esser, International Center on Small Hydro Power Key facts Population 3,002,859 1 Area 28,748 km 2 Climate Mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter 1 Topography Mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast Rain pattern Average annual rainfall is 1,300 mm to 1,400 mm and 80% of this occurs from November to March. The driest area is the southeast part with 600 mm to 700 mm of rainfall annually.2 Electricity sector overview The Monitoring Report on the Energy Strategy 2007- 2011 of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Energy, reported that Albania’s electricity sector had difficulties supplying electricity to its consumers in 2011. The country’s generating capacity was insufficient to meet demand for electricity, financial losses on non-technical and technical electricity continued to be high, and interconnection lines with neighbouring countries were insufficient to meet demand for electricity import. 3 Domestic electricity production increased to 4,158 GWh in 2011; 98 per cent of Albania’s electricity was produced by the public sector. Electricity imports increased to about 3,170 GWh in 2011. 3 Albania used to be an exporter of electrical power, but has in 1998 became an importer. 4 Thermal 0.81% Imported Electricity 43.96% Hydropow er 55.23% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Albania Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Energy and Energy Regulator Regional Association 3 5 Presently, the Albanian generation system of electricity is mainly based on hydropower from three major rivers in the north of Albania with the rest imported (figure 1). 6 The Albanian Power Corporation (KESH, Korporata Elektroenergjitike Shqiptare - KESH), a fully public-owned corporation, is the sole owner and user of the major hydropower plants. One thermal power plant is in operation since November 2009 (at 97 MW) in the south of Albania, owned by a subsidiary of KESH. 6 Small hydropower sector overview and potential Albania is a country rich in rivers, mainly flowing from south-east to north-west and towards the Adriatic coast. The small river flow with big cascades make them an important hydropower source. 7 The overall hydropower potential in Albania is estimated to be 17 TWh. In 2010, hydropower production was 5,300 GWh. Only 33 per cent of its hydro energy potential has been tapped. Three rivers are developed in a cascade form: Drin river has three hydropower plants with a total installed capacity of 1,350 MW and constitute 92 per cent of the country’s power generation. 8 Mat River has two hydropower plants with a total installed capacity of 49 MW; Bistrica River has a total installed capacity of 27.5 MW. SHP installed capacity SHP potential n/a 37.45 MW 0 10 20 30 40 50 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Albania Source: International Journal on Hydropower and Dams 9 Seventy small hydropower plants are reported to exist in Albania, with capacities from 20-9,200 kW, but only 38 of them were operational in 2010, the rest is out of function. The average age of small hydropower plants in Albania is 25 years, the initial construction purpose was to supply energy to remote mountain areas. 9 Out of all small hydropower plants: 7 • 32 of them operate on concessionary contracts, with an installed capacity of 24.4 MW. • 16 of them have been privatized, with an installed capacity of 2.047 MW. • 22 of them are owned by the State, with an installed capacity of 11 MW. The total small hydropower potential has not been assessed (figure 2). Renewable energy policy Albania lacks a national renewable energy policy. The National Energy Strategy promotes minimizing the environmental impact of energy generation, but does not provide guarantees for the uptake of renewable energy. The National Agency of Energy (NAE) prepares and defines the action plans for the implementation of the National Energy Strategy together with the Albanian General Directorates. 4 The Albanian Government is in the process of preparing a new Power Sector Law and a new Renewable Energy Source Law. 5 The Power Sector Law 366
No. 9072 (last amended in November 2011) mentions that the Albanian energy regulator, Enti Rregullator I Energjise (ERE) is authorized to grant the status of privileged producer of electric power to either: Producers generating electric power using renewable energy sources, whose installed capacity does not exceed 25 MW and in the case of hydropower energy source, it is up to 10 MW; or Producers generating electric power through cogeneration schemes whose installed capacity does not exceed 100 MW; or Auto-producers for their electric power surplus, provided that they use renewable energy sources and their installed capacity does not exceed 10 MW. 10 Electricity power producers from non-renewable energy sources, with an installed capacity higher than 50 MW, are obligated to produce and/or supply electricity from renewable energy sources to the power system. The share of electricity from production plants that use renewable energy sources, certified by ERE with Green Certificates and commissioned after the 2 November 2000, should be no less than 3 per cent of their total annual production of the previous year. The quota increased each year by 0.75 per cent during the period of 2010- 2012. The above obligation may be fulfilled by buying the same amount of electricity from other producers of renewable energy sources (domestic or imported electricity, if certified as renewable). 10 For renewable electricity generation connected to the distribution network and producing electricity for tariff customers without Green Certificates, the Council of Ministers in cooperation with the ERE has approved the methodology for calculating the feed-in tariffs for electricity to be sold. 10 Legislation on small hydropower In compliance with the Power Sector Law and other secondary legislation, ERE has the authority and responsibility to review prices of electricity sale from existing small power producers (concessionary or private) with installed capacity up to 10 MW and from new producers with installed capacity up to 15 MW. Prices are calculated based on ‘the methodology for calculation of unified electricity price for licensees for the production of energy by hydropower plants with installed capacity up to 10 MW’ approved by the ERE Board of Commissioners (Decision No. 5, 26 January 2007). 11 capacity of up to 15 MW given by concession (Law No. 9663, date 18.12.2006 ‘On concessions’). 11 References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos. 2. Shundi, A. (2006). Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles – Albania. Food and Agriculture Association. Available from www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Albania/al bania.htm. Accessed December 2012. 3. Albania National Strategy for Development and Integration Monitoring Report Development - Strategy Business and Investment 2007-2009 (Raporti i Monitorimit të Strategjisë së Zhvillimit të Biznesit dhe Investimeve 2007-2009). Available from www.mete.gov.al/doc/Plani_i_Monitorimit_te_rezult ateve_2011.pdf Accessed December 2012. 4. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (2010). Policy DB Details: Albania. Available from www.reeep.org/index.php?id=9353&text=. 4. Clean Energy Portal - Reegle (2012). Available from www.reegle.info/policy-and-regulatory-overviews/AL. 5. Albanian Energy Regulator (2012). Albania Key Statistics 2011. Electricity Regulators’ Regional Association. Available from www.erranet.org/AboutUs/Members/Profiles/Albania . Accessed December 2012. 6. CEZ Shperndarje (2012). Electricity Market in Albania. Albanian Power Corporation. Available from www.cez.al/en/prices/electricity-market-inalbania.html. Accessed December 2012. 7. Albania, National Agency of Natural Resources (2010). Hydroenergetic potential. Albanian National Agency of Natural Resources. 8. Albanian Energy Agency (2010). Albania hydroenergetic potential. 9. International Journal on Hydropower and Dams (2011). World Atlas and Industry Guide 2011. Surrey, UK: Aquamedia International 10. Republic of Albania Assembly. Law No. 9072, dated 22.05.2003. Albanian Energy Regulator. Available from http://ere.gov.al/doc/Power_Sector_Law_No_9072- _amended_on_26.11.2011.pdf Accessed December, 2012. 11. Albanian Energy Regulator (2011). Annual Report Albanian Energy Sector and the Energy Regulator Activity for 2010. In order to promote further development of the country’s hydrological reserve, there is also a methodology for setting the unified electricity price produced by new hydropower plants with installed 367
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
Page 331 and 332: 4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
Page 333 and 334: 2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
Page 335 and 336: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 339 and 340: parameters are taken into account.
Page 341 and 342: The development of hydropower plant
Page 343 and 344: 2. European Small Hydropower Associ
Page 345 and 346: Renewable energy policy According t
Page 347 and 348: 4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
Page 349 and 350: 4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
Page 351 and 352: 11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
Page 353 and 354: Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
Page 355 and 356: References 1. Central Intelligence
Page 357 and 358: Regional overview and potential All
Page 359 and 360: 4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
Page 361 and 362: 4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
Page 363 and 364: 4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
Page 365 and 366: 4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 367 and 368: 4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 369 and 370: 5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
Page 371 and 372: 4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
Page 373 and 374: 4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
Page 375 and 376: 4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
Page 377 and 378: 4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
Page 379 and 380: Despite the issues which adversely
Page 381: characteristic has provided the Gov
Page 385 and 386: 7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
Page 387 and 388: Renewable energy policy Using renew
Page 389 and 390: development of small water currents
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Page 393 and 394: Legislation on small hydropower The
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Page 397 and 398: Licensing procedure suitable for sm
Page 399 and 400: Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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Page 403 and 404: growing difficulty to obtain the ne
Page 405 and 406: Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
Page 409 and 410: The Stream Map Project recommends t
Page 411 and 412: action. It will be also a good tool
Page 413 and 414: 4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
Page 415 and 416: 4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
Page 417 and 418: 4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
Page 419 and 420: 4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
Page 421 and 422: Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
Page 423 and 424: For New Zealand, the remaining pote
Page 425 and 426: Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
Page 427 and 428: 5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
Page 429 and 430: 5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
Page 431 and 432: The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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