WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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4.1.2 Bulgaria European Small Hydropower Association, Stream Map Key facts Population 7,037,935 1 Area 110,879 km 2 Climate Topography Rain pattern Temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers Mostly mountains with lowlands in north and southeast Average annual precipitation is about 630 mm, of which 19 km 3 is runoff across the whole country (27.2%). Higher elevations, which receive the most rainfall in the country, may average over 2,540 mm per year. In the spring, 70% of the total water flow is available and in the summer only 7%. 2 Electricity sector overview The gross electric power generation in Bulgaria was 50,700 GWh in 2011. 3 Bulgaria is interconnected with Romania, Greece, Serbia, Macedonia and Albania for both electricity import and/or export. 4 Commercial export of electric power was 21 per cent of gross generation in 2011. 3 Details on electricity generation are given in figure 1. Other RES Hydropow er Nuclear Fossil Fuel 3.60% 9.60% 34.30% 52.50% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Bulgaria Source: Energy Regulators’ Regional Association 4 Small hydropower sector overview and potential The small hydropower growth in Bulgaria has followed a steady upward trend over the past 10 years. In 2010, Bulgaria had 136 small hydropower plants and a total installed capacity of 263 MW (generating 630 GWh) providing 14.31 per cent of the electrical energy produced from renewable energy sources. By 2020, the aim is to have 200 small hydropower plants with a total installed capacity of 380 MW (1,050 GWh) (figure 2). 5 Most small hydropower plants, according to their generating capacity, are privately owned (84 per cent), but the age of more than half of all small hydropower plants in Bulgaria is over 40–60 years. 6 The last small hydropower potential evaluation took place between 1998 and 2000 when the gross theoretical small hydropower potential was evaluated at 1,527 GWh/year. The technically and economically feasible potential is 755 MW and is able to generate 706 GWh/year. So far about half of the economically feasible potential (44.3 per cent) has been developed. 6 SHP installed capacity SHP potential 263 MW 0 100 200 300 400 380 MW Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Bulgaria Source: Stream Map 5 Note: Potential is based on planned capacity by 2020. Renewable energy policy According to the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP), the country has targeted to meet 16 per cent of energy consumption through renewable sources by 2020. 7 The Energy from Renewable Sources Act (ERSA) is the statutory basis for its feed-in tariff (FIT), it is the main element of the Bulgarian support system. The FIT may not be granted in addition to other incentives. Other support includes subsidies for investment into renewable sources derived from the Operational Programme Development of the Competitiveness of the Bulgarian Economy - the European Regional Development Fund, and loans to participating banks, as part of the Bulgarian Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Credit Line (BEERECL). 8 Legislation on small hydropower In 2011, the Law on Energy from Renewable Sources came into force with the aim to promote renewable energy development in Bulgaria. 9 This law has been, however, criticized for introducing more restrictions to the renewable energy sector, increasing the development risk and ultimately discouraging investors. 10 Residual flow regulations are planned and hydropower facilities will have to provide 1,700 Mm 3 water for irrigation and over 850 Mm 3 (cubic megametres) for industrial and potable water. A concession regime is applied for larger water abstractions. Compensation flow (CF) is set as a fraction of the long-term average flow or alternatively minimum mean flow. The losses in small hydropower electricity production resulting from maintaining CF are significant (>10 per cent). The EU Water Framework Directive is in the process of implementation and this may cause higher residual flow for small hydropower and an increase in their operating costs. 320
Barriers to small hydropower development Environmental impact assessments are demanded in the small hydropower licensing process and must be carried out for all hydropower projects and for reservoirs with volumes exceeding 106 m 3 . The small hydropower manufacturing industry is not well-developed and there is only one domestic turbine manufacturer. References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2011). The World Factbook, www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/. 2. European Small Hydropower Association (2008). Small Hydropower Energy Efficiency Campaign Action Strategic Study for the Development of Small Hydro Power in the European Union. 3. Bulgaria, Ministry of Economy, Energy and Tourism (2012). Bulletin on the State and Development of the Energy Sector in the Republic of Bulgaria 2012. 4. Energy Regulators’ Regional Association (2012). Bulgaria - State Energy and Water Regulatory Commission. Available from www.erranet.org/AboutUs/Members/Profiles/Bulgaria. 5. European Small Hydropower Association (2012). Stream Map – Small Hydropower Roadmap. Available from www.streammap.esha.be/. 6. Punys, P. and Pelikan, B. (2007). Review of small hydropower in the new Member States and Candidate Countries in the context of the enlarged European Union. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 11, pp. 1321–1360. 7. Beurskens, L.W.M., Hekkenberg, M., Vethman, P. (2011). Renewable Energy Projections as Published in the National Renewable Energy Action Plans of the European Member States. Energy Centre of the Netherlands. November. 8. Jirouš, F. (2012). Bulgaria. RES Legal – Legal Sources on Renewable Energy. Available from http://176.9.160.135/search-by-country/bulgaria. 9. Bulgaria, Sustainable Energy Development Agency (2011). Law on Energy from Renewable Sources. Prom. SG. 35/3 May 2011. 10. Denmark, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Trade Council (2012). Energy Sector: Bulgaria. May 2012. Available from http://bulgarien.um.dk/da/~/media/Bulgarien/Docume nts/Sector%20reports%20May%202012/Sectoranalyses _Energy.ashx. 321
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
Page 285 and 286: presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
Page 287 and 288: Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
Page 289 and 290: 3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
Page 291 and 292: 3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
Page 293 and 294: 3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
Page 295 and 296: The International Finance Corporati
Page 297 and 298: 5. To enhance awareness on the role
Page 299 and 300: sustainability in policy is expecte
Page 301 and 302: ecent policy shift by the National
Page 303 and 304: 2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
Page 305 and 306: 3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
Page 307 and 308: Sustainable Development On the Run
Page 309 and 310: comparison with other energy source
Page 311 and 312: Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
Page 313 and 314: 3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
Page 315 and 316: 3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
Page 317 and 318: 3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
Page 319 and 320: Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
Page 321 and 322: The Ministry of Water Resources is
Page 323 and 324: Table 1 Small hydropower potential
Page 325 and 326: 3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
Page 327 and 328: 13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
Page 329 and 330: Small hydropower potential in Turke
Page 331 and 332: 4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
Page 333 and 334: 2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
Page 335: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 339 and 340: parameters are taken into account.
Page 341 and 342: The development of hydropower plant
Page 343 and 344: 2. European Small Hydropower Associ
Page 345 and 346: Renewable energy policy According t
Page 347 and 348: 4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
Page 349 and 350: 4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
Page 351 and 352: 11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
Page 353 and 354: Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
Page 355 and 356: References 1. Central Intelligence
Page 357 and 358: Regional overview and potential All
Page 359 and 360: 4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
Page 361 and 362: 4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
Page 363 and 364: 4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
Page 365 and 366: 4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 367 and 368: 4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 369 and 370: 5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
Page 371 and 372: 4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
Page 373 and 374: 4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
Page 375 and 376: 4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
Page 377 and 378: 4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
Page 379 and 380: Despite the issues which adversely
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Page 383 and 384: No. 9072 (last amended in November
Page 385 and 386: 7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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