WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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Studied hydropower plants in South Sudan Plant Capacity Location Status quo (MW) Grand Fula 1 080.0 Central Equatoria State Feasibility study and EIA completed Fula 40.0 Central Equatoria State Feasibility study and EIA completed Shukole 200.0 Central Equatoria State Feasibility study and EIA completed Lakki 200.0 Central Equatoria State Feasibility study and EIA completed Beden 540.0 Central Equatoria State Feasibility study and EIA completed .. 25.5 Western Equatoria State .. Juba 120.0 Central Equatoria State Studied Sue 12.0-15.0 Western Bahr El-Ghazal State Studied Kinyeti 5.0 Eastern Equatoria State Feasibility study completed Source: Ackermann, <strong>updated</strong> with Ministry of Electricity and Dams 7 Note: EIA – environmental impact assessment SHP installed capacity SHP potential 0 MW 5 MW 0 2 4 6 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities up to 10 MW in South Sudan Those large hydropower plants to be built along the river from Nimuli to Juba may take decades to be commissioned. Therefore, the construction of mediumand small-hydropower plants is needed to improve the current poor situation of electric power in the country. Building a local hydropower plant with installed capacity of 1 MW to 25 MW is possible. The authors believe that such hydropower plants could be built to generate electricity in Torit, Yei, Wau and other towns in South Sudan. Renewable energy policy Hydropower, solar energy, wind power, and biomass are the main renewable energy sources in South Sudan. Currently, biomass and petroleum products are the main energy sources in use in South Sudan. 8 The availability of sunlight in South Sudan is around seven hours per day. 9 Photovoltaic technology thus offers an attractive off-grid solution. The annual average wind velocity is about 2.5 metre per second in South Sudan. 9 At this speed a developed wind sector is not commercially viable. However, small wind turbines are promising devices for household electricity generation as well as pumping water. Hydropower also holds a key role in South Sudan’s electricity generation, with the White Nile flow being sufficient for hydropower power production. Barriers for small hydropower development There are many challenges that hinder the small hydropower development. These include technical, and ecological issues as well as challenging accessibility and remoteness of the sites. 6 Others are: The lack of priority and attention afforded to water resource management. Scarcity of meteorological and hydrological data due to the conflict: it will take some time to generate the lost information and systems; Lack of renewable energy policy, legislation and poor technical and institutional capacity; 3 10 Social tensions: South Sudan is a newly established landlocked country which has gained independence in July 2011 following two prolonged conflicts which lasted from 1983 to 2005, six years of autonomy (from 2005) and a referendum in which 98 per cent voted in favour of a South Sudanese state; Political instability. References 1. Southern Sudan Centre for Census (2009). Statistic and evaluation, statistical book for Southern Sudan 2009. Available from http://ssnbs.org/. 2. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/. 3. Ranganthan, R. and Briceño-Garmendia (2011). South Sudan’s Infrastructure: A Continental Perspective. World Bank. Available from wwwwds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/I B/2011/09/27/000158349_20110927142346/Rendered/ PDF/WPS5814.pdf. Accessed December 2012. 4. Kvelland, E. (2012). South Sudan Post Independence: A Dire Need for Economic Diversification. The Macalester Review, Vol. 2, Issue. 2, Article 2. Available from digitalcommons.macalester.edu/macreview/vol2/iss2/2. Accessed December 2012. 48
5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers South Sudan $8bn for projects. Reuters, 29 April. Available from www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/04/20124297232 096442.html. Accessed October 2012. 6. Kammen, D. (2011). New energy in South Sudan, 7 December. World Bank. Available from blogs.worldbank.org/climatechange/node/793. Accessed December 2012. 7. Loku Moyu, L., Ministry of Electricity and Dams (2012). Power Development and Utilities Prospects and Constraints. Paper presented at CWI South Sudan Investment Summit, March 2012. Available from http://cwisummits.com/uploads/SSISMar2012/Session% 204/Ministry%20of%20Electricity%20and%20Dams.pdf. 8. Amogpai, A. (2011). LED lighting combined with solar panels in developing countries. Doctoral Dissertation. Aalto University publication series. Finland. 9. Ackermann, T., Soder, L. (2000). Wind energy technology and current status: Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 4 (2000) pp. 315-374. Available from http://raceadmv3.nuca.ie.ufrj.br/buscarace/Docs/tacker mann2.pdf. 10. Apogpai, A. (2012). Power supply solutions in South Sudan. University of Juba College of Engineering and Architecture. 49
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
Page 13 and 14: 86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
Page 15 and 16: 301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
Page 17 and 18: Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
Page 19 and 20: electrification, building micro-hyd
Page 21 and 22: potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
Page 23 and 24: A range of barriers exist in Southe
Page 25 and 26: The Renewable Energy Directive has
Page 27 and 28: The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
Page 29 and 30: Introduction A world-first assessme
Page 31 and 32: Small hydropower definition Countri
Page 33 and 34: 12. United Nations Environment Prog
Page 35 and 36: small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
Page 37 and 38: 1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
Page 39 and 40: potential developers, since their p
Page 41 and 42: Notes: Listed are only operational
Page 43 and 44: Financial institutions are not will
Page 45 and 46: Table 1 Installed small hydropower
Page 47 and 48: 10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
Page 49 and 50: the district of Mulanje. The Agency
Page 51 and 52: 1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
Page 53 and 54: 1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
Page 55 and 56: with local entrepreneurs to extend
Page 57 and 58: 1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
Page 59 and 60: 1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
Page 61 and 62: Different donor agencies have assis
Page 63: 1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
Page 67 and 68: Table 1 Installed small hydropower
Page 69 and 70: newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
Page 71 and 72: 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
Page 73 and 74: Table 2 Potential small hydropower
Page 75 and 76: 1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
Page 77 and 78: the challenge remains as to whether
Page 79 and 80: Francis turbine. Project commission
Page 81 and 82: 1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
Page 83 and 84: 1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
Page 85 and 86: out according to social, economic a
Page 87 and 88: avaged by vandals for parts and cop
Page 89 and 90: 1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
Page 91 and 92: 1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
Page 93 and 94: 1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
Page 95 and 96: 1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
Page 97 and 98: 1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
Page 99 and 100: 1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
Page 101 and 102: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 103 and 104: SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
Page 105 and 106: 16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
Page 107 and 108: construction and the project will b
Page 109 and 110: Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
Page 111 and 112: 1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
Page 113 and 114: 1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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