WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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3.5.4 Iraq Abdul-Ilah Younis Taha, Baghdad University, Iraq Key facts Population 31,129,255 1 Area 435,000 km 2 Climate Mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq. Topography Mostly broad plains; reedy marshes along Iranian border in south with large flooded areas; mountains along borders with Iran and Turkey. Rain Pattern Roughly 90 per cent of the annual rainfall occurs between November and April. The western and southern desert region receives brief heavy rainstorms in the winter of about 100 mm in total. In the rolling upland region, there is basically no precipitation in the summer and some showers in the winter (winter rainfall averages about 380 mm). The alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates delta in the southeast receives most of its precipitation accompanied by thunderstorms in the winter and early spring. The average annual rainfall for this area is only about 100 mm to 170 mm. In the mountains of the north and northeast precipitation occurs mainly in winter and spring, with minimal rainfall in summer. Above 1,500 metres, heavy snowfalls occur in winter, and there is thunderstorm activity in the summer. Annual precipitation for the whole region ranges from 400 mm to 1,000 mm. 2 Electricity sector overview Electrification rate in Iraq has dropped from about 98 per cent in the late 1990s to 93 per cent at present. About 15 per cent of the power generated provides continuous supply to essential services. The remaining population gets typically eight hours of national grid electricity each day. It is estimated that 98 per cent of the population has alternative power supplies, either obtained through neighbourhood or private generators. An exception is the autonomous region of Iraqi Kurdistan, where the population has access to electricity 24 hours a day. 3 Annual power production in Iraq has increased from 29.13 GWh in 2000 to 48.83 GWh in 2010 (with a considerable drop to 25.34 GWh in 2003 as a result of the destruction of power infrastructure). Electricity generation is mainly based on fossil fuels (figure 1). Hydro Imported Fossil 9.22% 10.29% 80.49% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Iraq Source: Indexmundi 4 Note: Data from 2010. Iraq has the third highest oil reserves in the world. Due to the nation’s political instability, it still faces energy shortages even though the land is blessed with such essential resources. According to the the country’s energy master plan, about 24,400 MW of new capacity will be added between 2012 and 2017, including 13,000 MW of gas-fired capacity, 7,000 MW of thermal power capacity and 400 MW of renewable energy by 2015. A further 4,000 MW will be added by the con<strong>version</strong> of simple-cycle power plants to combined-cycle technology. 3 While hydropower development is part of the long term strategy, the country is currently more interested in developing power plants in a short duration; hence gas- and oil-fired plants are the preferred choice. There is also more focus on developing large dams for irrigation and flood protection. Wind and solar parks are also desired. Small hydropower sector overview and potential There is no official definition of small hydropower in the country, but generally, a capacity of up to 80 MW is considered small. The installed capacity of small hydropower projects (according to the country’s definition of up to 80 MW) is about 10 per cent of the total hydropower capacity. Currently, there are six small hydropower stations operating in Iraq (table 1). Only one of the listed projects has a capacity below 10 MW (figure 2). SHP installed capacity SHP potential 6 MW 26.38 MW 0 10 20 30 Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Iraq Note: Small hydropower definition of up to 10 MW. It is estimated that the full hydropower potential may be as high as 80,000 GWh annually. In 2006, the Ministry of Water Resources issued a guidance note, Phase I, as part of its Strategy for Water and Land Resources in Iraq. 5 The note is based on the earlier 304
The Ministry of Water Resources is currently study by the Ministry of Heavy Industry. Examination of the flows used indicates which calculations do not take new developments in upstream riparian countries into considerations, resulting an overestimation of the hydropower potential. It lists 78 potential hydropower stations, listing for each station, the total potential installed capacity, the rated discharge, the annual energy production, the static head and the unit cost in IQD/kW. It does not explicitly indicate whether the units are small hydropower, but this can be summarized from other listed data. Table 1 Installed hydropower capacity in Iraq Project name Installed Ownership capacity (MW) Dokan Dam 400 Iraqi Government Darbandikhan Dam 240 Iraqi Government Mosul Main Dam 750 Iraqi Government Mosul Dam pump 200 Iraqi Government storage plant Mosul Regulating Dam 60 Iraqi Government Haditha Dam 660 Iraqi Government Samaraa Barrage 80 Iraqi Government Hemrin Dam 50 Iraqi Government Adhaim Dam 40 Iraqi Government Al-Hindiyah Barrage 15 Iraqi Government Shatt Al-Kuffa Regulator 6 Iraqi Government Total installed capacity 2 501 Note: Data from 2011. According to the country’s definition of small hydropower below 80 MW, there are 30 potential small hydropower project sites. Applying the small hydropower definition of up to 10 MW, it is estimated that there are at least 12 potential small hydropower sites available with an estimated capacity of 26.38 MW. 6 Table 2 Small hydropower sites under study in Iraq Name of Regulator. Units Design Installed discharge capacity (m 3 /sec) (MW) Tarthar Water Divider 4 171 5.662 Regulator Al-Sader Al-Mushtarak 3 60 1.300 Regulator Al-Abbasiya Regulator 2 168 4.683 Al-Btera Regulator 2 118 3.016 Al-Hilla Head Regulator 8 189 2.634 Al-Dagara Regulator 2 31 0.508 Al-Kahla Regulator 2 67 2.394 Al-Kassara Regulator 1 24 0.601 Al-Garraf Head 4 158 3.650 Regulator Qal’at Salih Regulator 2 25 0.416 Al-Khalis Regulator 1 49 0.760 Al-Diwaniya Regulator 3 49 0.755 Total 26.379 Source: Ameen 6 undertaking a study entitled ‘Strategy for Water and Land Resources of Iraq’. The aim is to develop an integrated strategy for developing and managing water resources throughout Iraq to ensure sustainable management and development of the country’s water and land resources. The utilization of the hydropower potential is an integral part of the study. Renewable energy policy The Ministry of Electricity has established a Renewable Energy Center. Its main focus at present is to develop solar and wind energy. The Ministry of Heavy Industry commissioned a study on hydropower resources use in Iraq in 1988. 7 The study was undertaken by Technopromexport, an entity that belonged to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and addressed, among other issues, hydropower development and its contribution to the coverage of the load curve in the national power grid. However, there is no renewable energy policy or framework supporting deployment of sustainable renewable energies. Barriers to small hydropower development Times of war and sanctions have left the energy sector, rural agriculture and water infrastructure in a terrible state. Constantly evolving plans, frequently cancelled tenders, and risks associated with payments and security continue to hold the power sector back. 3 References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2009). The World Factbook. Washington, DC. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook. 2. Global Security (2011). Iraq Climate. Available from www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/climate.h tm. 3. Ratcliffe, Verity (2012). Power Generation a Top Priority in Iraq. Available from www.meed.com/supplements/2012/iraqprojects/power-generation-a-top-priority-iniraq/3129589.article. 4. Indexmundi (2012). Electricity Import to Iraq in 2011. Available from www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?v=83&c=iz&l=en. Accessed December 2012. 5. Iraq, Ministry of Water Resources, General Directorate for Water Resources Management (2006). Strategy for Water and Land Resources in Iraq, Phase I, Hydropower SpreadSheet, GN08. Baghdad. 6. Ameen, M. S. A. (2007). Hydropower Development in Iraq. M.Sc. thesis presented to the Department of Water Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Baghdad University. 7. Iraq, Ministry of Heavy Industry (1988). Basic Outlines of the Scheme of the Hydropower Resources Utilization in Iraq. Baghdad. 305
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
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1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
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1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
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out according to social, economic a
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avaged by vandals for parts and cop
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1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
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1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
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1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
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1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
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1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
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1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
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16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
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construction and the project will b
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Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
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1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
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1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
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and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
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oth present and future”. Should t
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1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
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hydropower in South Africa and the
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Integrated resource plan for electr
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Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
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1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
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Trust funds for renewable energy te
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According to a 2010 analysis for in
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consumption, as well as cost deprec
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Sustainable energy through developi
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enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
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Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
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1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
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1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
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1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
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3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
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The only small hydropower station i
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1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
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2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
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potential for small hydropower prov
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2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
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2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
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2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
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2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
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Immediate key initiatives for the f
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kW but less than 15 MW are consider
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Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
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2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
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Renewable energy policy In February
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Table 2 Classification of small hyd
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2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
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sector and rural communities will b
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1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
Page 269 and 270: Renewable energy policy The Renewab
Page 271 and 272: Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
Page 273 and 274: www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Page 277 and 278: 3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
Page 279 and 280: Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
Page 281 and 282: Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
Page 283 and 284: 3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
Page 285 and 286: presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
Page 287 and 288: Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
Page 289 and 290: 3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
Page 291 and 292: 3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
Page 293 and 294: 3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
Page 295 and 296: The International Finance Corporati
Page 297 and 298: 5. To enhance awareness on the role
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Page 301 and 302: ecent policy shift by the National
Page 303 and 304: 2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
Page 305 and 306: 3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
Page 307 and 308: Sustainable Development On the Run
Page 309 and 310: comparison with other energy source
Page 311 and 312: Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
Page 313 and 314: 3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
Page 315 and 316: 3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
Page 317 and 318: 3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
Page 319: Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
Page 323 and 324: Table 1 Small hydropower potential
Page 325 and 326: 3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
Page 327 and 328: 13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
Page 329 and 330: Small hydropower potential in Turke
Page 331 and 332: 4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
Page 333 and 334: 2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
Page 335 and 336: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 337 and 338: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 339 and 340: parameters are taken into account.
Page 341 and 342: The development of hydropower plant
Page 343 and 344: 2. European Small Hydropower Associ
Page 345 and 346: Renewable energy policy According t
Page 347 and 348: 4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
Page 349 and 350: 4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
Page 351 and 352: 11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
Page 353 and 354: Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
Page 355 and 356: References 1. Central Intelligence
Page 357 and 358: Regional overview and potential All
Page 359 and 360: 4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
Page 361 and 362: 4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
Page 363 and 364: 4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
Page 365 and 366: 4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 367 and 368: 4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
Page 369 and 370: 5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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