WSHPDR_2013_Final_Report-updated_version

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1.5.2 Burkina Faso A.A. Esan, UNIDO Regional Centre for Small Hydro Power in Africa, Nigeria, Lara Esser, International Center on Small Hydro Power Key facts Population 17,275,115 1 Area 274,200 km² Climate Primarily tropical climate with two seasons (dry and rainy). There are three climatic areas: the Sudanian zone with extensive rainfalls during the rainy season; the Sudano-Sahelian zone, located in the center; and the Sahelian zone with a very short and moderate rainy season. The climatic situation of Burkina Faso includes long dry periods and therefore causes serious water supply issues. 2 Topography Mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in west and southeast 1 Rain Pattern The dry season lasts eight months in the North and six months in the South. 1 Irregular rainfall, 400 –1000 mm/year 3 Electricity sector overview The national electricity company Societé Nationale d’Electricité du Burkina Faso (SONABEL) ensures electricity generation as the main vertically-integrated operator, with a national monopoly on the generation and distribution in the country's urban centres. Generation is based upon 24 thermal (diesel) plants and 4 hydropower plants (32 MW). 4 Forty-five per cent of the electricity is imported from neighbouring countries, especially Ivory Coast (figure 1). The national electrification rate of Burkina Faso is 14.6 per cent. 5 Coopératives d’électricité (COOPEL) works with the rural electrification fund Fonds de développement de l’électrification (FDE) under the Electricity for All Programme. Local cooperatives produce and distribute electricity and are part of an umbrella organization, the National Union of Electric Hydropower 7.40% Imported electricity 44.72% Cooperatives in Burkina Faso (Uncoopel / B). 6 47.88% Note: Data from 2012. The numbers do not include selfgeneration by private industrial companies (total capacity of 13.45 MW), mainly from thermal sources. 4 Small hydropower sector overview and potential In 1999, nine small hydropower sites with 36 MW were identified. 3 7 Currently, two small hydropower plants exist: Tourni (0.5 MW) and Niofila (1.5 MW), which together produce about 1 GWh/year. 7 Both plants were built in 1996. Furthermore, there is a 2.5 MW small hydropower scheme to be implemented at Samendeni Dam which will produce 25 GWh/year, and two additional mini hydropower plants are planned, including Bonvale. 8 A survey of hydropower sites was carried out within the Électricité de France SONABEL, National Centre of Hydraulic Equipment (Centre National d’Equipement Hydraulique). The study covers large-scale hydropower sites as well as small-scale installations. The capacities range between 65 kW and 550 kW, and 550 to 1,700 kW. The hydropower potential of rural areas is sufficient for decentralized electricity production. Some identified sites have estimated production costs between CFAF i 100 and 175 per kWh, several other sites have estimated costs of at least CFAF 200 per kWh. 2 SHP installed capacity SHP potential 2 MW 0 50 100 150 138.8 MW Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Burkina Faso Source: Burkina Faso Ministere des Mines, des Carrieres et de l’Énergie 7 All in all, 70 potential small hydropower sites have been identified with a total potential capacity of 138.8 MW (figure 2). 9 Renewable energy policy The Strategy for Rural Electrification supports solar energy for the electrification of rural areas currently lacking connection to the SONABEL grid. There are currently no policies or strategic directions for the use of renewable energy. 10 Thermal 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Figure 1 Electricity generation in Burkina Faso Barriers to small hydropower development Barriers to renewable energy include lack of local technical expertise and lack of financing, especially for capital-intensive technologies. 2 Apart from that, irregular rainfall pattern (400–1000 mm/year), the remoteness of the small hydropower sites to the sites of 116
consumption, as well as cost depreciation for rural small hydropower projects hinder development. 3 Note i. CFA stands for Communauté Financière d'Afrique (Financial Community of Africa) or Communauté Financière Africaine (African Financial Community). In several central African states, the Central African CFA franc, which is of equal value to the West African CFA franc, is in circulation. They are both the CFA franc. References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/. 2. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (2009). Regional <strong>Report</strong> on Renewable Energies: 30 country analysis on potentials and markets in West Africa (17), East Africa (5), and Central Asia (8). Eschborn, Germany. 3. Ecowas Centre for Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency (2012). Baseline <strong>Report</strong> on Small-Scale Hydropower in the ECOWAS Region. Praia, Cape Verde. 4. Societe Nationale d’Electricite du Burkina Faso (2012). Donnees et chiffres. Available from www.sonabel.bf/statist/chiff_caract.htm. 5. International Energy Agency (2011). World Energy Outlook 2011. France. 6. Karim, K. (2012). Coopératives d’électricité : La touche burkinabè à l’électrification rurale, 30. April. Available from www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article47721. 7. M. Ouedraogou, M. and B. Yonli, Burkina Faso Ministere des Mines, des Carrieres et de l’Energie. Survey by International Center on Small Hydro Power answered in November 2011. 8. International Journal on Hydropower and Dams (2011). World Atlas and Industry Guide 2011. Surrey, UK: Aqua Media International. 9. United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (2010). Small hydropower in selected countries in West Africa. Synthesis of country papers presented during the Expert group meeting on small hydropower development in West Africa, 6-8 August 2007. Abuja. 10. Clean Energy Portal - Reegle. (2012) Energy Profile Burkina Faso. Available from www.reegle.info/countries. Accessed December 2012. 117
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World Small Hydropower Development
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Published in 2013 by United Nations
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in the World Small Hydropower Devel
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Acknowledgements The World Small Hy
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JICA NEP NREAP OLADE PICTS PPA PPP
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86 1.3.3 Morocco 90 1.3.4 Sudan 92
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301 3.5.3 Georgia 304 3.5.4 Iraq 30
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Executive Summary Comprehensive inf
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electrification, building micro-hyd
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potential is Chile (7,000 MW). Some
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A range of barriers exist in Southe
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The Renewable Energy Directive has
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The WSHPDR 2013 proposes a more det
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Introduction A world-first assessme
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Small hydropower definition Countri
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12. United Nations Environment Prog
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small- and micro-hydro plants in ru
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1.1.2 Ethiopia Lara Esser, Internat
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potential developers, since their p
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Notes: Listed are only operational
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Financial institutions are not will
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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10. Électricité de Madagascar (20
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the district of Mulanje. The Agency
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1.1.6 Mauritius Lara Esser, Interna
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1.1.7 Mozambique Wim Jonker Klunne,
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with local entrepreneurs to extend
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1.1.8 Réunion Lara Esser and Laxmi
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1.1.9 Rwanda Lara Esser and Laxmi A
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Different donor agencies have assis
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1.1.10 South Sudan Ater Amogpai, Un
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5. Al Jazeera (2012). China offers
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Table 1 Installed small hydropower
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newsletter-issue-5/. 8. Tumwesigye,
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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1
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Table 2 Potential small hydropower
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1.1.13 Zambia Malama Chileshe, Zamb
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the challenge remains as to whether
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Francis turbine. Project commission
Page 81 and 82: 1.2 Middle Africa Matty Fombong, Ru
Page 83 and 84: 1.2.1 Angola Lara Esser, Internatio
Page 85 and 86: out according to social, economic a
Page 87 and 88: avaged by vandals for parts and cop
Page 89 and 90: 1.2.3 Central African Republic Lara
Page 91 and 92: 1.2.4 Democratic Republic of the Co
Page 93 and 94: 1.2.5 São Tomé and Príncipe Lara
Page 95 and 96: 1.3 Northern Africa Hussein Elhag,
Page 97 and 98: 1.3.1 Algeria Kai Whiting, Internat
Page 99 and 100: 1.3.2 Egypt Kai Whiting and Pascal
Page 101 and 102: Barriers to small hydropower develo
Page 103 and 104: SHP installed capacity (up to 8 MW)
Page 105 and 106: 16. Agence Nationale pour le Dével
Page 107 and 108: construction and the project will b
Page 109 and 110: Table 1 Small hydropower in Tunisia
Page 111 and 112: 1.4 Southern Africa Wim Jonker Klun
Page 113 and 114: 1.4.1 Lesotho Wim Jonker Klunne, Co
Page 115 and 116: and the penstock is a 150-metre lon
Page 117 and 118: oth present and future”. Should t
Page 119 and 120: 1.4.3 South Africa Wim Jonker Klunn
Page 121 and 122: hydropower in South Africa and the
Page 123 and 124: Integrated resource plan for electr
Page 125 and 126: Figure 3 Map of potential hydropowe
Page 127 and 128: 1.5 Western Africa A. A. Esan, UNID
Page 129 and 130: Trust funds for renewable energy te
Page 131: According to a 2010 analysis for in
Page 135 and 136: Sustainable energy through developi
Page 137 and 138: enewable energies. 4 The 2010 Energ
Page 139 and 140: Table 2 Micro hydropower sites in G
Page 141 and 142: 1.5.6 Liberia Lara Esser, Internati
Page 143 and 144: 1.5.7 Mali Oumar Sidibe, Direction
Page 145 and 146: 1.5.8 Nigeria Basheer Adekunle Kade
Page 147 and 148: 3. World Bank (2011). Economic over
Page 149 and 150: The only small hydropower station i
Page 151 and 152: 1.5.10 Togo Lara Esser, Internation
Page 153 and 154: 2 Americas 2.1 Caribbean Sven Homsc
Page 155 and 156: potential for small hydropower prov
Page 157 and 158: 2.1.2 Dominica Sven Homscheidt, Car
Page 159 and 160: 2.1.3 Dominican Republic Lara Esser
Page 161 and 162: 2.1.4 Grenada Sven Homscheidt, Cari
Page 163 and 164: 2.1.6 Haiti Lara Esser, Internation
Page 165 and 166: Immediate key initiatives for the f
Page 167 and 168: kW but less than 15 MW are consider
Page 169 and 170: Cibuco-Guajataca Culebrinas- Guanaj
Page 171 and 172: 2.1.9 Saint Lucia Sven Homscheidt,
Page 173 and 174: Renewable energy policy In February
Page 175 and 176: Table 2 Classification of small hyd
Page 177 and 178: 2. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and
Page 179 and 180: sector and rural communities will b
Page 181 and 182: 1989 by the CEL and Universidad Cen
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years of commercial operation). In
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operate renewable energy projects a
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Since then, several values close to
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addition to long period of contract
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institutions portray a robust syste
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exemption from distribution and tra
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een lowered in this region. One of
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The upper limit of 15 MW is only a
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y Law 26190. It is not easy to meet
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provide not only labor, but local m
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2.3.3 Brazil Geraldo Lúcio Tiago F
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https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Re
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Electrification with Renewable Ener
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2.3.5 Colombia Elena Quiroga Ferná
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grid/colombia/EnergyOverviewofColom
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The Constitution of Ecuador, approv
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2.3.7 French Guiana Laxmi Aggarwal
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2.3.8 Peru Lara Esser, Internationa
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In addition, Peru has a clean energ
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In accordance with the requirements
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Information on the total installed
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2.4.1 Canada Jinxing Huang, Canmet
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Table 4 Small hydropower potential
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2.4.2 United States of America Lara
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Table 2 Eligibility criteria for hy
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involving certain low-impact situat
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which hydropower plants under 30 MW
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share of total energy balance by 20
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2. World Meteorological Organizatio
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SHP installed capacity SHP potentia
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3.1.4 Turkmenistan Yingnan Zhang, I
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3.1.5 Republic of Uzbekistan Yingna
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Table 3 Small hydropower in Eastern
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In addition to the investment made
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3.2.2 Japan Motoyuki Inoue, Ritsume
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to release sediment from dams, it i
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infrastructure and of the transmiss
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3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mo
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3.3 Southern Asia Arun Kumar, India
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3.3.1 Afghanistan Lara Esser, Inter
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Livelihoods and Energy Department,
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3.3.2 Bangladesh Md. Abdul Wazed, C
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Hydropower projects, until recently
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Renewable energy policy The Renewab
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Table 2 Small hydropower in India P
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www.cia.gov/library/publications/th
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Procurement and Construction (EPC)
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3.3.6 Nepal Madhu Prasad Bhetuwal,
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Besides, EA and ER, there are Envir
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Table 2 Installed micro hydro plant
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3.3.8 Sri Lanka Nimashi Fernando, H
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presented at Sri Lanka Wind Power W
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Indonesia (99 MW). Viet Nam (2,205
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3.4.1 Cambodia Lara Esser, Internat
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3.4.2 Indonesia Lara Esser, Interna
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3.4.3 Lao People’s Democratic Rep
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The International Finance Corporati
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5. To enhance awareness on the role
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sustainability in policy is expecte
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ecent policy shift by the National
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2. Generate off-grid hydropower at
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3.4.8 Timor-Leste Lara Esser and Ka
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Sustainable Development On the Run
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comparison with other energy source
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Cyprus has an isolated energy syste
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3.2.1 Armenia Vahan Sargsyan, Levon
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3.5.2 Azerbaijan Ugranath Chakarvar
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3.5.3 Georgia Lara Esser and Kai Wh
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Regional Reports on Renewable Energ
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The Ministry of Water Resources is
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Table 1 Small hydropower potential
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3.5.6 Lebanon Joy Balta, Lebanese A
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13. Lebanon, Ministry of Power and
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Small hydropower potential in Turke
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4 Europe 4.1 Eastern Europe Lara Es
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2. The Russian Federation, Ministry
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Barriers to small hydropower develo
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parameters are taken into account.
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The development of hydropower plant
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2. European Small Hydropower Associ
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Renewable energy policy According t
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4.1.7 Romania European Small Hydrop
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4.1.8 Russian Federation Pascal Hau
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11. Russian Federation, Ministry of
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Renewable energy policy Slovakia ha
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References 1. Central Intelligence
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Regional overview and potential All
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4.2.1 Denmark European Small Hydrop
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4.2.2 Estonia European Small Hydrop
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4.2.3 Finland European Small Hydrop
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4.2.4 Iceland Lara Esser, Internati
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4.2.5 Ireland Lara Esser, Internati
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5.2.6 Latvia European Small Hydropo
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4.2.7 Lithuania European Small Hydr
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4.2.8 Norway Pascal Hauser, Interna
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4.2.9 Sweden European Small Hydropo
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4.2.10 United Kingdom of Great Brit
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Despite the issues which adversely
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characteristic has provided the Gov
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No. 9072 (last amended in November
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7. Energy Community (2008). Impleme
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Renewable energy policy Using renew
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development of small water currents
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changes should be scheduled and tim
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Legislation on small hydropower The
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development and construction of sma
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Licensing procedure suitable for sm
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Renewable energy policy Serbia has
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€93 (< 1,000 kW) €82 (< 10,000
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growing difficulty to obtain the ne
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Table 3 Small hydropower up to 10 M
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The Stream Map Project recommends t
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action. It will be also a good tool
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4.4.4 Germany European Small Hydrop
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4.4.5 Luxembourg European Small Hyd
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4.4.6 The Netherlands European Smal
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4.4.7 Switzerland Martin Bölli, Sk
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Available from www.meteoswiss.admin
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For New Zealand, the remaining pote
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Table 1 Small-scale hydropower deve
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5.2.2 New Zealand Niels Nielsen, In
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5.2 Pacific Island Countries and Te
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The Government of Fiji developed a
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Melanesia 5.2.1 Fiji Lara Esser, In
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5.2.2 New Caledonia Lara Esser, Int
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5.2.3 Papua New Guinea Lara Esser,
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5.2.3 Solomon Islands i Peter D. Ly
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organizations and foreign governmen
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Vanuatu Government anticipated fina
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In 1988, the Nanpil river hydropowe
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Polynesia 5.2.7 French Polynesia La
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5.2.8 Samoa Rapa Young, Electric Po
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List of tables Eastern Africa 14 1
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South America 178 1 Overview of cou
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Lebanon 310 1 Installed small hydro
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67 2 Small hydropower capacities in
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155 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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254 1 Electricity generation in Ind
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347 2 Small hydropower capacities i
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431 1 Electricity generation in Fre
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